Meanings into Words
Unit: 1
1.6. New Experience
Structure:
1. This
is the first time + sub + has/have + ever + V3 + obj.
2. Sub
+ has/have +never + V3 + obj + before.
3. Sub
+ is/am/are + not + used to + V4 + obj.
Q. Continue the
remarks below in three different ways as in the following example:
Example: I can’t
get to sleep…
a) This is the first
time I have ever slept in a tent.
b) I have never flown
at night before.
c) I’m not used to
having siestas.
Exercise: 1. My feet
are killing me.
a) This
is the first time I have ever walked such a long distance.
b) I
have never climbed hill before.
c) I
am not used to walking on sand.
2. God, this is
embarrassing….
a) This is the first
time I have ever called for a speech.
b) I have never
failed in my exam before.
c) I am not used to
talking with the foreigners.
3. Do you think you
could slow down a little?...
a)
This is the first time I have ever felt giddy in a car.
b)
I have never travelled in such a high-speed car before.
c)
I am not used to traveling on motorbike at night.
4. She is feeling
terribly nervous….
a)
This is the first time she has ever failed in exam.
b)
She has never scolded by her father before.
c)
She is not used to dancing on the stage.
5. Hold my hand, will
you?...
a)
This is the first time I have ever climbed the hill.
b)
I have never crossed the river before.
c)
I am not used to crossing such busy road.
6. He is absolutely
delighted…
a)
This is the first time he has ever got distinction in the exam.
b)
He has never got first prize before.
c)
He is not used to getting highest mark in his class.
7. I hope they get
there all right…
a)
This is the first time they have visited Pokhara.
b)
They have never reached at Jomsom before.
c)
They are not used to climbing mountain.
Writing (page 7)
Q. Write a letter of
application for the post of a teacher in a school including the following
things about you: Name, age, occupation, educational qualification,
relevant experience
Adarshnagar
Nepalgunj
5th
Jan, 2012
The Principal,
Bhrikuti Higher
secondary School,
Nepalgunj
Subject: for the post
of a teacher.
Sir,
With due respect, I’d
like to apply for the post of a teacher With reference to your advertisement published
in ‘The Kathmandu Post, yesterday. I wish to apply for the post of a teacher in
your school. As a successful candidate, I’d like to apply for the post.
I am a young and
energetic man of the age of 20.I have passed S.L.C from Gyanodaya School in first
division and higher secondary level from Stanford College in second division. I
have worked as a teacher in Red Hill Academy for two years. I am good in
English. I have done diploma in computer application from Intel Computer
Institute. I think my qualification and experience will be appropriate for the
post.
If I will be selected
for the post, I will do my best. I would perform my duty honestly. I have
attached my CV and documents with this letter.
Hoping for a
favourable reply.
Yours Faithfully,
Akash Sharma
Composition (page
9)
Q.You are now living
in one of the flat you visited. Write a letter to a friend, describing what it
is like living there, and what the people there are like.
Adarshnagar
Nepalgunj
Date:
04/01/2012
Dear Neelam,
I
got your letter yesterday and I became extremely happy knowing about your new
flat. Now I am going to write you about my new flat.
As
you know that I am away from my house for my study. I am living in a new flat
here in Nepalgunj. This is the first time I have ever left my house. I am
living here alone in my room. In the beginning I felt home sickness, but now I
don’t feel so. I am happily living here. My room is in a second flat of new
house. My room is very good for my study as it if quiet and it is very bright.
All the people in my flat are college students. They are very helpful and
cooperative. They always help me in difficulties and they always ask me if I
have any problem.
If
you have free time, you can come to my flat to stay for some days. I hope I
will get your reply soon.
Yours
Bidhan
Sharma
Unit: 2
|
2.1. Judging from appearances
Rules:
1. Adjective = look
Sub
+ look (S) + adj.
2. Noun
= look like
Sub
+ look(S) like + noun.
3. Clause
(Sub+V+obj) = look as if / look as though
Sub
+ look(S) as if /look(S) as though + clause.
Q. Make sentences
using look, look like, look as if /look as though
1. [ It is about a
man. So the subject is “He”]
a) he needs a wash
He looks as if he
heeds a wash.
b) rather aggressive
He looks rather
aggressive.
c) a tramp
He looks like a
tramp.
d) angry
He looks angry.
e) he is going to
start a fight
He looks as if he is
going to start a fight.
2. [ It is about a
machine. So the subject is “it”]
a) terribly
complicated
It looks terribly
complicated.
b) it cost a lot
It looks as if it
cost a lot.
c) very elegant
It looks very elegant.
d) something from
outer space.
It looks like
something from outer space.
e) it gives excellent
reproduction
It looks as if it
gives excellent reproduction.
3. [ It is about two
people. So the subject is “they”]
a) a honeymoon couple
They look like a honeymoon
couple.
b) they are
celebrating
The look as if they
are celebrating.
c) they’re in love
They look as if they
are in love.
d) happy
They look happy.
e) they have just had
some good news
They look as if they
have just had some good news.
2.2. Looks as if
& looks as though.
Look at the following
example and complete the flowing exercise.
Example: You see a
man lying on the ground in a pool of blood.
He
looks as if he has just been shot.
He
looks as if he is seriously wounded.
He
looks as if he’s about to die.
1. You see a girl
standing on the seashore, staring into the water.
She
looks as if she has lost her ring.
She
looks as if she is watching fish
She
looks as if she is about to commit suicide.
2. You see a man
lying on the floor, laughing.
He
looks as if he is mad.
He
looks as if he has drunk beer.
He
looks as if he is going to act on a play.
3. You see a woman
whose cloths are soaked and she is sneezing.
She
looks as if she has just bathed.
She
looks as if she is walking in rain.
She
looks as if she is about to change her cloths.
4. You see a man
lying underneath a car.
He
looks as if he is a thief.
He
looks as if has escaped from a jail.
He
looks as if he is going to hide something.
5. You see someone
climbing through a window.
He
looks as if he is a thief.
He
looks as if he has lost his key.
He
looks as if he is about to clean his window.
Now try these:
Eye = look as if
Ear = sound as if
Nose = smell as if
Skin = feel as if
Mouth = taste as if
6) You can hear
people singing next door.
-They sound as if
they are dancing.
7) When you open the
door of your flat, there is a strong smell of smoke.
It smells as if
someone is smoking.
8) When you touch
your writing desk, you notice it is sticky.
It feels as if someone
has spilt gum on it.
9) When you drink a
glass of water, you realize it certainly isn’t ordinary drinking water.
It tastes as if it is
lemon water.
2.3. General
Impression: SEEM
Rule:
1. Is/
am/are = Sub + Seem (s) to + be + obj
2. don’t
/doesn’t = Sub + don’t /doesn’t + seem to + V1 + obj.
3. Isn’t
= Sub + doesn’t + seem to +be + obj.
Seem to
+V1 (He,
She, It =Seems to)
(I,
we, you, they = Seem to)
(Don’t
/doesn’t = Seem to)
Is
= be
Are
= be
Am
= be
V5
= V1 (Watches =
watch)
V1
= V1
Has
= have
Have
= have
V2
= have +V3
Q. Change the
sentences using SEEM.
a) He is very
friendly.
He seems to be very
friendly.
b) He isn’t very
rich.
He doesn’t seem to be
very rich.
c) He’s happily
married.
He seems to be
happily married.
d) He’s some kind of
businessman.
He seems to be some
kind of businessman.
e) He doesn’t spend
much tome out of doors,
He doesn’t seem to
spend much time out of doors.
f) He watches
television a lot.
He seems to watch
television a lot.
g) He has lived a
very interesting life.
He seems to have
lived a very interesting life.
Q. Rewrite the
following sentences using Seem.
1. He never stops to
chat with you if you have got your dog with you.
-He seems to be
afraid of dogs.
2. His front garden
always looks a bit neglected.
-He seems to be lazy.
3. There are African
masks on the wall of his sitting room.
-He seems to have
visited Africa at once.
4. The postman always
delivers a lot of letters with foreign stamps to his house.
-He seems to know
many people in foreign countries.
5. You only see his
children during the school holidays.
-They seem to be at a
boarding school.
6. He usually carries
a walking stick when he goes out.
-He seems to be a
lame person.
2.5. Describing
people
Physical features:
Hair: curly,
straight, fair, short, dark, shoulder-length, wavy
Face: round, oval,
square, dark
Eyes: narrow,
wide, brown, blue,
Eye
brows: thick, thin
Nose: pointed,
hooked, crooked
Lips: thick,
thin
Chin: Pointed,
parted, doubled, cleft
Special
features: dimple, scar, mole, moustache, beard, pimple.
2.6 Guessing Age
Tender
age: 0-12 years
Teen age: 13-19 years
Twenties: 20-29 years
Thirties: 30-39 years
Forties: 40-49 years
Fifties: 50-59 years,
and so on.
Early-mid-late
Early twenties: 20,
21, 22, 23
Mid twenties: 24, 25,
26
Late Twenties: 27,
28, 29
Q. Say approximately when
these people were born and then decide what age they are now.
1. Richard 1930/3
Richard was born in
the early thirties
He is now in his late
seventies.
2. Alan 1964/5
Alan was born in the
mid sixties.
He is now in his late
thirties.
3. Susan 1895/1905
Susan was born
sometime during the decade 1895 to 1905.
He is now in his
hundred above.
4. Jan 1928/9
Jane was born in the
late twenties.
She is now in her mid
seventies.
5. Alison 1941/3
Alison was born in
the early forties.
He is now in his late
fifties.
6. Geraldine 1960/1
Geraldine was born in
the early sixties.
She is now in her
early fifties.
Q. Now work out these
people’s approximate ages.
1. Mike started
school in 1947.
Mike is in his mid
sixties.
2. Albert Smith
fought in the First World War.
Albert is over one
hundred years.
3. Christine isn’t
quite old enough to vote yet.
She is in her early
teen.
4. Fred will be
retiring in a couple of years’ time.
He is in his early
sixties.
5. My landlady
doesn’t look old, but she has grandchildren.
She is in her
early sixties.
6. Mary just
remembers the Second World War.
She is in her early
sixties.
7. Brenda’s been
teaching for 25 years.
She is in her early
fifties.
Writing: (page
16)
Q. Write a ‘police
description’ of the person you have chosen.
Mr. Pravin Sharma is
my best friend. He is in his early twenties. He is about 5 ft 5 inches tall. He
is a heavy man of about 62 kg. He has long black curly hair. He has a black
complexion. His face is round with wide and brown eyes. His eyebrows are bushy
while his nose is long and pointed. He has thin lips and round chin. He has a
mole in his right chick. His forehead is broad. He is always well-dressed.
He usually wears a gold chain around his neck. He often stammers while
speaking.
Composition (page:
20)
1. Intelligence
Tests:
Intelligence Tests
The
term, ‘intelligence”, means the mental ability or the mental speed of a person.
Intelligence test means that types of test which measures the mental capacity
of a person. By asking I Q questions to a person, we can measure his/her
intelligence. Sometimes people define intelligence as his ability to remember
what he reads or hears. Other people define intelligence as the mental speed of
a person or how a person thinks quickly. Intelligence has also relation to our
ability to solve the practical problems of our life.
When
we ask I Q questions, some people give answers so quickly, but other think for
longer. The same question could be easy for a person but difficult for other.
For example the same mathematical question could be easy for a student but
difficult for other. It depends on the mental speed of a person. Time plays a
vital role in the intelligence tests. If a person gives answer
faster than the other, he is called intelligence. Her only write answer is not
counted, but the time as will. We have to give the answer within the due
second. Nowadays I Q questions are being asked in different types of test and
examinations. If a person gives more and more answer correctly in due time, he
is considered intelligence and he gets a job. In quiz contest I Q questions are
generally being asked. There are three types of I. Q. questions: verbal, visual
and numerical.
In
conclusion, Intelligence tests measure our mental ability and mental speed. By
asking I Q. questions, we can measure the mental ability of a person. We can
find out hoe clever the person is.
Q. If you were
shipwrecked alone on a desert island, which five common objects would you want
have with you? Why?
If I were shipwrecked
alone on a deserted island, I’d like to want to have the five common objects: a
gun, a matchbox, a knife, a tent, and some light clothes.
I
want to keep a light gun with me because it would protect me from the wild animals.
It would be also needed to kill eatable animals. A matchbox would be necessary
for me to roast the meat of those animals. A knife would be needed to chop the
meat to eat and to cut coconuts which would be available in the island. A tent
would be needed to be protected from heat and rain. There might be hot weather
on the island. So some light clothes would be sufficient for me there.
Unit: 3
3.2. Previous
Events:
Rule:
A: Given sentence
B: Why? What had
happened?/ What had +Sub +done?
A. Well,
Sub + had + V3 +object, and +Sub +had +v3 + obj.
Have similar
conversation of the following remarks.
a) When I saw him two
years later I could hardly recognized him.
A:
When I saw him two years later I could hardly recognized him.
B:
Why? What had happened?
A:
Well, he had grown beard, and he had kept long moustache.
b) They sent both men
to prison for 20 years.
A: They sent both men
to prison for 20 years.
B: Why? What had
happened?
A: Well, they had
killed a man and robbed his house.
c) The fireman
received a medal for bravery.
A: The
fireman received a medal for bravery.
B:
Why? What happened?
A:
Well, he had saved a baby from a burning house and he had saved a lot of property.
d) It was a good
thing I checked my bill before I paid it.
A: It was a good
thing I checked my bill before I paid it.
B:
Why? What had happened?
A:
Well, the shopkeeper had added extra money and he hadn’t included VAT.
e) When my sister
came home, she was crying her eyes out.
A: When my sister
came home, she was crying her eyes out.
B: Why? What had
happened?
A: Well, she had lost
her purse, and my mother had scolded her.
f) I got very angry
letter from my bank manager last Friday.
A: I got very angry
letter from my bank manager last Friday.
B: Why? What had
happened?
A; Well, I hadn’t
paid my loan, and I hadn’t informed him anything.
g) My new trousers
were ruined when they came out of the washing machine.
A: My new trousers
were ruined when they came out of the washing machine.
B: Why? What had
happened?
A: Well, the washing
machine had been broken, and I had kept it in higher temperature.
h) They came back
from their holiday feeling completely refreshed.
A: They came back from
their holiday feeling completely refreshed.
B: Why? What had
happened?
B: Well, They had
been to Pokhara, and they had enjoyed visiting Phewa Lake.
3.3 Previous
activities and events
Rule:
A: Given Sentence
B: Sub + had been +
v4 + obj.
Make the conversation
as it is shown in the example.
a) Eventually Richard
found a job that suited him
A: Eventually Richard
found a job that suited him.
B: He had been
looking for a job.
C: He had been
applying many places.
D; He had bee
studying very hard.
b) When the Johnsons
eventually got away on holiday they felt they really deserved it.
A: When the Johnsons
eventually got away on holiday they felt they really deserved it.
B: They had been
working very hard.
C: They had been
visiting Pokhara
D: They had been enjoying
together.
C: By the time the
climbers reached the top of the mountain, they were exhausted.
A: By the time the
climbers reached the top of the mountain, they were exhausted.
B: They had been
climbing the mountain.
C: They had been
carrying their bags.
D: They hadn’t been
eating anything.
d) It was hardly
surprising that Anthony fainted.
A: It was hardly
surprising that Anthony fainted.
B: She had been
suffering from fever.
C: She had been
running in the sun.
D: She had been
taking medicine.
e) Vivienne
sighed with relief
A: Vivienne sighed
with relief.
B: She had been
working for a long time.
C: She had been
facing a problem.
D: She had not been
getting leave.
3.5. Additional
Information: Relative Clause
Who = Person
Where = place
When = time
What = thing
Which = thing/animal
Whose = relation
Whom = possession
Why = reason X
How = quantity X
Sub of the first
sentence, + wh word +Part of the 2nd sentence (no repeated sub), + Part of
1st sentence
If there is a
preposition with the repeated sub of the second sentence, we should put it
before the wh word, when we join the sentences with “which” and “whom”.
1. Phil
was an excellent driver.
Phil’s forehead was
covered in sweat.
· Phil,
whose forehead was covered in sweat, was an excellent driver.
2. Julia
hadn’t wanted to come in the first place.
The Admiral had
entrusted the papers to Julia.
· Julia,
to whom the Admiral had entrusted the papers, hadn’t wanted to come in the
first place.
3. Alex
had closed his eyes.
It had been Alex’s
idea to come.
The success of the
whole mission depended on Alex.
· Alex,
on whom the success of the whole mission depended, which had been his idea to
come, had closed his eyes.
4. Alex
had just taken the gun out of his pocket.
Alex never went
anywhere without his gun.
· Alex,
who never went anywhere without his gun, had closed his eyes.
5. The
dog was sitting facing the back window.
The dog loved
travelling in fast car.
· The
dog, which loved travelling in fast car, was sitting facing the back window.
6. The
truck was gaining on them all the time.
They were trying so
desperately to escape from the truck.
A light machinegun
was clearly visible on the truck.
· The
truck, on which a light machine gun was clearly visible, from where they were
trying so desperately to escape, was gaining on them all the time.
3.6 Background
Information
Add an appropriate
relative clause to these sentences.
1. I couldn’t wait to
get back to Venice,…….
I couldn’t wait to
get back to Venice, where Neelam had been waiting for me.
2. At last they
managed to repair the telephone……
At
last they managed to repair the telephone, which had been disconnected.
3. The teacher,………….
, turned round suddenly.
The teacher, who
was writing on the blackboard, turned round suddenly.
4. I eventually found
the letter, ………., in my jacket pocket.
I eventually found
the letter, which my friend had written to me, in my jacket pocket.
5. When I came back,
I found that my car, …………, had disappeared.
When I came back, I
found that my car, which I had parked outside, had disappeared.
6. We were all very
grateful to Richard, ……….
We were all very
grateful to Richard, who had helped us.
Composition (page:
30)
1. Write a letter to a
newspaper saying how you fell about the growing use of computer in our daily
live.
Adarshnagar,
Nepalgunj
4th Jan, 2012
The Editor,
The Kathmandu Post
Katmandu
Sir,
I would be grateful
if my article about the growing use of computer in our daily lives will be
published in your reputed newspaper. I hope millions of readers will advantage
from this article.
Modern science has
given many things tot us. Computer is one of the greatest inventions of modern
science. It has made our life easier and faster. We can’t imagine the modern
world without computer. It is the fastest means of communication as will. The
internet and email has changed the world into a global village. Computer has
become essential part of human life in the present world. Consequence, the
users have been increasing day by day. Whether one is doing official or
personal work, one prefers to use computer life, without computer, has become
almost unimaginable. No doubt computer makes our task easier; it enables people
to work efficiently and it prevents people from working in weather extremes.
Undoubtedly it has made communication easer efficient and less time consuming.
Nevertheless, computer does have reverse side too. Excess use of computer
results into the loss of eyesight in the long run. Computer brings sex and
violence in screen. Which result into the increment of sex violence. Teenagers
utilize computer in such a way that their mind get corrupted and they cross
social norms and values. Eventually such deeds are sure to bring social disorder.
Moreover it makes people lazy and unsocial as they wish to spend much of their
time with computer
If we use the
computer in a proper way, it has surely more advantages than disadvantages. It
is the boon of modern science.
Sincerely Yours
Birat Sapkota
2. Write an essay on
advantages and disadvantages of computer.
Advantages
and disadvantages of computer
Modern science has
given many things to us. Computer is one of the greatest inventions of modern
science. It has made our life easier and faster. We can’t imagine the modern
world without computer. It is the fastest means of communication as will. The
internet and email has changed the world into a global village.
There are many
advantages of computer. We can use for entertainment information and as a means
of communication. We can write emails and we can download important information
from internet. We can watch videos, film and songs on it. We can save data on
it. It reduces the costs in the office for accountants. It has become essential
part of human life in the present world. The users have been increasing day by
day. Computers are useful in business, in education and home. The use of
computer has reduced time span of many works. Any works can be done sitting in
a place and pressing few keys. It has enabled people to know happenings of the
world shortly after it happens. Computer has made it easier for people to
communicate in addition to saving time and money. The use of computer in education
sector has brought changes in the age-old teaching materials. As in business
and education computer is useful at home. Leisure time of family members does
not become burden.
Computer has
disadvantages as will. Due to use of computer unemployment problem has
increased as computer can perform the duty that might need nearly six to seven
workers. Unemployment is likely to result into crimes. Continuous work with
computer causes loss of eyesight in the long run. Internet, which is widely
used to see pornographic scenes, corrupts the mind of teenagers. Due to it,
sex- violence increases rapidly. Computer has direct impact on culture of any
nation. The high-tech crimes like hacking banks and important documents become
possible due to computer. Virus is also a problem of it. If we put all the
records on computer, if the file is corrupted with virus, all the record
becomes useless. The social networking webs like Facebook and Twitter have
created a kind of crazy mentality among teenagers.
In conclusion, if we use
computer in a proper way it has more advantages than disadvantages. It is the
boon of the modern science.
Unit: 4
4.2 Verbs and
Adjectives
Q. Write the
adjectival form of the verbs below.
Rule: 1. Remember
that only three verbs could be changed into adjective by adding “ive”
2.
All the other verbs should be made into adjectives by adding “ing”.
3.
Beware! You should not put the letter “e” at the end of the word while adding
“ing”.
4.
Sometimes we should write double the last letter whiled adding “ing” as in
“upsetting”.
5.
“Offend”, the word becomes “offensive”
IVE
Verbs Adjectives
Impress impressive
*offend offensive
attract attractive
ING
Verbs Adjectives
excite
exciting
interest interesting
irritate irritating
confuse confusing
shock
shocking
*upset
upsetting
surprise surprising
astonish
astonishing
amuse amusing
4.2. Talk about the
people and things below.
Structure:
A: What do you think
of + given?
B: Oh, I find + given
+ adj.
C: Yes, + given + obj
(V1/V5) + me, too.
D: Yes, I agree. I
get + v3 + when people talk about + given.
1. World
Cup football.
A: What do you think
of the World Cup football?
B: Oh, I find the
World Cup football really exciting.
C: Yes, the World Cup
football excites me, too.
D: Yes, I agree. I
get terribly excited when people talk about the world cup football.
2. People
who speak several languages.
A: What do you think
of the people who speak several languages?
B: Oh, I find the
people who speak several languages really amazing.
C: Yes, the people
who speak several languages amaze me, too.
D: Yes, I agree. I
get very much amazed when people talks about them.
3. People
who talk about themselves.
A: What do you think
of the people who talk about themselves?
B: Oh, I find the
people who talk about themselves really annoying.
C: Yes, the people
who talks about themselves annoy me, too.
D: Yes, I agree. I
get annoyed when people talk about people who talk about themselves.
4. People
with dirty fingernails.
A: What do you think
of the people with dirty fingernails?
B: Oh, I find the
people with dirty fingernails really disgusting.
C: Yes, people with
dirty fingernails disgust me, too.
D: Yes, I agree. I
get disgusted when people talk about people with dirty fingernails.
5. slim
people
A: What do you think
of slim people?
B: Oh, I find slim
people attractive.
C: Yes, slim people
attract me, too.
D: Yes, I agree. I
get attracted when people talk about slim people.
6. horror
films
A: What do you think
of horror films?
B: Oh, I find horror
films terrifying.
C: Yes, horror films
terrify me, too.
D: Yes, I agree. I
get terrified when people talk about horror films.
4.3 Your Own
Attitudes
Write paragraph
describing each of the followings. a. beggars, b. nudist
Beggars
Beggars really annoy
me. They occupy any place they like, especially crowd places. It not only
hinders the beauty of the city but also destroys the fame of the city. Police
personals have to chase them time and again. This scene really disturbs any
rational being. I find beggars irritating. They cling to the people and beg as
if they are recently born puppies. Sometime they disturb tourists by begging.
They defame Nepalese people’s identity. Moreover they terrify me.
Nudists
Nudists shock me very
much, as they do not keep to social codes. Human beings are regarded as the
most developed as they can live with the code established by the society codes
is to put on clothes. As nudists do not think it is necessary to put on
clothes. I find them uncivilized. I think they are the beasts in human form. I
find embarrassing. When walking with relatives their appearance compels me to
hide my face. Fathers walking with their daughters should hide their face worth
shame. I get terrified with nudists, as they are likely to create disorder in
society.
4.4. If there is one
thing
Rules:
1. Sentences
begins with People = [If there is one thing + that (attitude)s me +
its + people who…]
2. Sentences
begin with you = [If there is one thing + I (attitude) +
its people who…….]
Annoy me, upset me,
make me angry,
I hate, I detest, I
loathe
Q. Rewrite the
following sentences using ‘If there is one thing……’
1. People who smoke
in restaurants annoy me.
If there is one thing
that annoys me it’s people who smoke in restaurants.
2. People who are
cruel to animals upset me.
If there is one thing
that upsets me it’s people who are cruel to animals.
3. People who break
promises make me angry.
If there is one thing
that makes me angry it’s people who break promises.
4. I hate people who
smoke in restaurants.
If there is one thing
I hate it’s people who smoke in restaurants.
5. I detest people
who interrupt when I am speaking.
If there is one thing
I detest it’s people who interrupt when I am speaking.
6. I loathe people
who ring me up early in the morning.
If there is one thing
I loathe it’s people who ring me up early in the morning.
4.7 Judging character
How would you
describe a person who……
1. gives away lots of
money =
generous
2. never buys you a drink =
mean/stingy
3. easily loses his
temper =
bad-tempered/hot-tempered
4. never loses his
temper =
calm
5. helps other
people =helpful
6. only thinks about
himself =
selfish
7. jokes about
everything =
cheerful/funny
8. doesn’t joke about
anything =
serious
9. expects good
things to happen =
optimistic
10. expects bad
things to
happen =
pessimistic
11. believes whatever
you tell
him =
gullible
12. doubts what you
tell
him =
skeptical
13. worries about
what people think =
sensitive
14. doesn’t care what
people
think =
insensitive
15. likes going to
parties =
sociable/outgoing
16. doesn’t like
going to
parties =
shy/ reserved
17. lets people
down =
unreliable
18. doesn’t let
people
down =
reliable
19. has a high
opinion
himself =
vain
20. doesn’t
boast =
modest
Unit: 5
5.1 How long….
Rules:
1. Activities: if the
action is not complete and the actor could not show his achievement, that is
activity.
Question: How
long did + sub + v1 +obj + for?
Prepositions: Period
of time = for
Point
of time = until
2. Achievement: If
the action is complete and the actor could show his/her achievement what he/she
had done, that is achievement.
Question:
How long did it take + sub (objective form) + to + v1 +
obj?
[he = him, she = her,
they = them, I = you]
Prepositions: Period
of time = in
Point
of time = by
Practice:
a) Ask
the question with “How long……?”
b) Answer
it, using the words in brackets.
1.They talked on the
telephone. (20 minutes)
How
long did they talk on the telephone for?
They
talked on the telephone for 20 minutes.
2. She painted
the bathroom ceiling. (6 o’ clock)
How
did it take her to paint the bathroom ceiling?
She
painted the bathroom ceiling by 6 o’ clock.
3. We played
golf on Sunday. (dusk)
How
long did you play golf on Sunday for?
We
played golf on Sunday until dusk.
4. He mowed the
lawn.(ten minutes)
How
long did it take him to mow the lawn?
He
mowed the lawn in ten mi mutes.
5. I wrote all my
letters. (lunchtime)
How
long did it take you to write all your letters?
I
wrote all my letters by lunchtime.
6. We had to
change the wheel. (five minutes)
How
long did it take you to change the wheel?
We
had to change the wheel in five minutes.
7. He watched
television. (late movie came on)
How
long did he watch television for?
He
watched television until late movie came on.
8. I read the
whole War and Peace. (two weeks)
How
long did it take you to read the whole War and piece?
I
read the whole War and Peace in two weeks.
9. She did some
piano practice. (bedtime)
How
long did she do some piano practice for?
She
did some piano practice until bedtime.
10. She
waited at the bus top. (ages)
How
long did she wait at the bus stop for?
She
waited at the bus stop for ages.
5.3 Longer Than You
Expected
Rules:
1. Result
in negative past + for/until + (Time)
2. It
was + (time) + before + result in positive past.
or
Sub + didn’t + v1 +
object + for/until + (Time)
It was + (time) +
before + Sub + v2 + obj.
Complete the
sentences.
1. I wrote to my
mother by airmail, but in fact….. ( two weeks)
She
didn’t get the letter for two weeks.
It
was two weeks before the letter reached her.
2. I intended to have
an early night but as it happened …. (midnight)
I
didn’t get to sleep till midnight.
It
was midnight before I got to sleep.
3. I said he could
borrow the record for a few days, but …(six week)
He
didn’t give it back for six weeks.
It
was six weeks before he gave it back to me.
4. It was supposed to
be a short meeting, but…. (three hours)
It
didn’t finish for three hours.
It
was three hours before it finished.
5. She set us some
homework for Monday, but as I was away for the weekend…. (Tuesday)
I
didn’t finish it till Tuesday.
It
was Tuesday before I finished it.
6. He was invited to
dinner but typically….. (after 9 o’clock)
He
didn’t arrive till after 9 o’ clock.
It
was 9 o’ clock before he arrived.
7. The job was
supposed to take three weeks, but unfortunately, …….(nearly two months)
They
didn’t finish it for nearly two months.
It
was nearly two months before they finished it.
Writing (page 49)
Q.Write a short
article for a magazine entitled ‘keeping a dog in a flat’
10th March,
2010.The Kathmandu
Post
Keeping a Dog in a
Flat’
People
have been keeping dogs from ancient time. Dog is taken as a friend of human
beings. They are kept as if our family members. It is an obedient animal. It
loves its master either the master is rich or poor. It is said that to keep as
dog in a flat is hundred times better than to keep a watchman in our house. A
watchman may deceive us but a dog never cheats us. It guards our house day and
nights without any selfish desire. It keeps the thief away from our house.
Nowadays people keep dogs in their flat not only for security of their house
but also for their interest to keep pet small dogs. With its keen sense of
smell an hearing, dogs keep our house safe.
Keeping a dog in a
flat is very difficult job though numerous prefer to do it. One who desires for
it at least should have knowledge of what, how and why. Otherwise, keeping a
dog in a flat is a troublesome job.
The owner should have knowledge on what he has to do. The first essential task
is to teach the puppy about the time and place of doing excretion in teaching.
Training is however not all in all. A good owner should know the way to talking
care of dog. Dogs usually like flesh, so they should be fed with meat. Dogs
should be vaccinated against various diseases. Otherwise they might cause
rabies, which is very dangerous. It keeps our house safe from burglars and
unwanted visitors. It is really useful for us.
Composition (Page 51)
Caricature
Caricature
“Caricature”,
the word means exaggeration of something. It is a kind of art to distort
physical features of a person or an object. Artists create caricature basically
with two purposes: to make us to laugh and to inform those who have done
mistakes for reformation. A cartoon or caricature tells many things easily with
in a second than in our words. Nowadays we see basically our political leaders
become the subject matter of caricatures.
On
our daily newspapers and magazines, we see cartoons of our corrupted leaders as
will as the high ranked officials who have done corruptions and illegal works.
People laugh at their cartoons. In Nepal there is the caricature festival that
is cow festival or Gai Jatra. At that time, many artists release
albums, songs and visual videos for the purpose of satire and laughing. At that
time we find magazines with full of cartoons. People get the information that
the person is not of having good nature. The culture of cartoon or caricature
is a common culture in the world. It could be found in every country and their
aim is to make us laugh and to give information. The comedy artists also do
caricatures of our political leaders in many comedy programs on televisions.
They speak, dress and walk as if the corrupted leaders.
In
conclusion, caricature means the cartoons of our newspapers and magazines. To
satire over the corrupted person and their wrong works, the artists make
caricatures. It can convey a lot of message with a small picture of a
caricature.
Q. Can tell you what
people’s characters are like from their physical appearance?
It is said that
face is the reflection of his/her personality and character. People’s character
can be determined, to some extent, from their physical appearances. Many people
find it impossible thing too but I don’t suppose so. After observing a person’s
facial appearance minutely, I can determine nature of the person. If the
person’s noise is crooked, such person is egotistical. S\he has high opinion
about him\her. Other people for them are nothing in comparison to themselves.
People with broad forehead are generally thoughtful. They have the tendency of
thinking seriously before they do any work. They like to get involved in the
observation of natural beauty. They are intellectual. Quick thinking and
imaginative, but wish to know excessively about others people’s activities.
People having double chin are skeptical. People who put clothes carelessly
never worry about what other think about them. Such people are interested only
in merrymaking and enjoyment. Quite contrarily, people who always wear clean clothes
are interested in showing their superiority. They have high opinion about
themselves. Nevertheless exception works in some cases.
Unit: 6
6.1 Reported Speech
To change direct
speech into indirect:
1. Change in RV
Said
= said that
Said
to = told
If
it is question:
Said/said
to = asked
Imperative
sentences:
Said/said
to =ordered, requested, commanded
2. Changes in RS
1.
We should not use comma and inverted comma in the indirect speech
|
2. Pronoun
Change:
3.
Tense Change:
a)
Present = Past tense
V1/V5 =
V2
Is/am/are+V4 =
Was/were + V4
Has/have
+ v3 =
had + V3
Has/have
+ been + V4 =
had + been +V4
b)
Past Tense
V2 =
had +V3
Was
were + V4 = had been + V4
c)
Future Tense:
Shall/
will = Should/would
d)
Model Auxiliary:
May
= might
Can
= could
4.
Time Adverbials change
Today
= that day
Tomorrow
= the next day
Yesterday
= the day before
Here
= there
Come
= go
These
=those
This
= that
Ago
= before
Tonight = that night
Now = then
Hence = thence
Thus = so
5.
How to change Wh-questins into indirect?
[
RV + Wh-word + sub + aux + verb + obj.]
We
shoud change pronoun and tense.
We
should put subject before aux.
6.
How to change yes/no questions into indirect?
[
Rv + if/ whether + sub + aux +verb + obj .]
We
should use if/whether in yes no question.
We
should change the position of aux and subject.
7.
How to change imperative sentences?
Positive
= to
Negative
=not to.
Example: He
said to me, “Don’t smoke”.
He
told me not to smoke./ He suggested me not to smoke.
6.1 Practice
Change the following
sentences into indirect speech.
|
||
|
1. ‘I’m from
Melbourne.’
He
said that he was from Melbourne.
2.
‘I like it here.’
He
said that he liked it there.
3.
‘I don’t earn much money.’
He
said that he didn’t earn much money.
4.
‘I’ve got a cousin in America.’
He
said that he had got a cousin in America.
5.
‘I’ll be staying in New York for a month.’
He
said that he would be staying in New York for a month.
6.
‘I’ll go to Canada too if I have time.’
He
said that he would go to Canada too if he had time.
7.
‘I’ve been to all art galleries in London.’
He
said that he had been to all art galleries in London.
8.
‘I’ve been sleeping in friend’s flat’
He
said that he had been sleeping in friend’s flat.
Q. Report these
remarks made by ministers.
1. ‘We are going to
do all we can to help industry.’
He
said that they were going to do all they could to help industry.
2. ‘Unemployment
figures have been falling for several months.’
He
said that unemployment figures had been falling for several months.
3. ‘The last
government didn’t do anything about unemployment.’
He
said that the last government hadn’t done anything about unemployment.
4. ‘These proposals
are being considered carefully.’
He
said that those proposals were being considered very carefully.
5. ‘Things won’t get
better unless we work together.’
He
said that things wouldn’t get better unless they worked together.
6. ‘I fully support
the Prime Minister’s views.’
He
said that he fully supported the Prime Minister’s view.
7. ‘I am sure we will
win the next election.’
He
said that he was sure they would win the next election.
8. ‘I can’t say any
more until I have talked to the Prime Minister.’
He
said that he couldn’t say any more until he had talked to the Prime
Minister.
6.2. Conflating
Reports.
Rule
:
Opposite Past.
To
make conflicting, we should make the statement opposite
Then
we should change the statements into past tense for reporting.
1. I’m starving. I
could eat a horse.
But
you told me just now you weren’t hungry
2. Oh looks. It is
raining.
What?
But they said on the weather forecast it was going to be sunny.
3. The rent is £25 a
week.
But
when I spoke you earlier you said it was only £15 a week.
4. Can I have one of
your cigarettes?
But
I thought you had given up smoking.
5. Sorry. This is the
private beach. Members only.
But
I was told anyone could bathe here.
6. I’d love to come,
but I have got this essay to finish.
What?
I thought you said you were free.
7. Didn’t you get me
a ticket?
No,
I didn’t realize you wanted to come.
6.4. Choose
appropriate verb from the list, report the remarks below. Begins with the words
given.
Admit,
explain, assure, deny, point out, claim, insist, warn, accuse.
1. ‘You are under no
obligation to buy the drill if you don’t like it.’
The
salesman assured Mr. Lock that he was no under obligation to buy the drill if
he didn’t like it.
2. ‘I don’t want the drill,
because it doesn’t work.’
Mr
Lock explained that he didn’t want the drill.
3. ‘The same drill
can be bought locally for £ 10 less.’
Mr
Lock pointed out that the same drill could be bought locally for £ 10 less.
4. ‘You broke the
drill by using wrongly, and you still owe us £ 45.’
Bargain Electrics
claimed that he had broken the drill by using it wrongly, and that he still
owed them £ 45.
5. ‘I didn’t break
the drill”
Mr
Lock denied that he had broken the drill.
6. ‘The drill reached
you in perfect condition.’
The
Managing Director insisted that the drill had reached him in perfect condition.
7. ‘If you do not pay
the balance within seven days, we will have to take legal action.’
The
Managing director warned him that if he didn’t pay the balance within seven
days,
they would
have to take the legal action.
8. ‘You are
interfering in a private matter.’
The
Sales Manager accused them of interfering in a private matter.
9. “Mr. Lock has been
right all along – the drill was wrongly assembled in the factory.
The Managing director
admitted that Mr. Lock had been right all along and that the drill had been
wrongly assembled in the factory.
Composition (page:
61)
Tourists
A
tourist is a person who leaves his house for at least 24 hours to visit new
places. There are two types of tourists: internal tourists, and external
tourists. Internal tourists are those who visit within their national border
for entertainment and for holidays. External tourists are those who leave their
national border and they visit strange places away from their homeland. For
examples, a man goes from Nepalgunj to pokhara to see Phewa Lake and Machhapuchhre,
he is a internal tourist. If a person comes from the USA to see mt Everest and
goes to Namche Bazaar, he is the external tourist.
Tourism
is also called the greatest smokeless industry of the world. Every country
wants to attract more and more tourists because they are the sources of foreign
currency. Due to the tourists many people get jobs as in hotels, trekking
agencies, travel agencies and so on. It increases employment and National
income. In terms of Nepal, nature has given every beautiful thing for the
attraction of the tourists. But we don’t have the good policy and facilities
for the tourists. Government should make proper planning to attract more and
more tourists. Let’s hope Nepal will be the best destination for the attraction
of the tourists.
Unit: 7
|
7.1. Must, Can’t,
May/Might
Rules:
Must = I
am sure
Sub
+ must + V1 + Obj.
Can’t
= I am
Sure + not
Sub
+ can’t + V1 + Obj.
|
May/might = Perhaps
Sub
+ may/Might +V1 + Obj.
Perhaps + not
May not/Might not
7.1 Change the sentences
below using must, can’t may/might
1. I’m sure he is
working.
He
must be working.
2. Perhaps he is
going to ask me.
He
might be going to ask me.
3. I’m sure he is not
French.
He
can’t be French.
4. I’m sure they
stole the money.
They
must have stolen the money.
5. Perhaps he was
listening.
He
might have been listening.
6. I’m sure she was
not at work.
She
can’t have been at work.
7. Perhaps he went
home.
He
might have gone home.
8. Perhaps she is not
coming.
She
might not be coming.
9. I’m sure they
weren’t camping.
They
can’t have been camping.
10. Perhaps they
haven’t finished.
They
might not have finished.
11. Perhaps he was
tired.
He
might have been tired.
12. I’m sure she was
feeling ill.
She
must have been feeling ill.
13. I’m sure the
snow’s melted.
The
snow must have melted.
14. I’m sure they
haven’t been waiting long.
They
can’t have been waiting long.
7.2 Working it out
Rule: Match first Side A
questions with Side A answers.
If
it has positive reply, use MUST and if it gives negative reply use CAN’T with
the questions.
Then
add the Side B answers with BECAUSE.
[Structure: Sub +
must/can’t + V1 + obj + because
+ Side B snswer.]
1. Did he go
abroad? = He
hasn’t got passport.
He can’t have gone
abroad because he hasn’t got a passport.
2. Has he been
working
hard? = He
looks exhausted.
He can’t have been
working hard because he looks exhausted.
3. Is he redecorating
his
house? = He
had it done only a month ago.
He
can’t be redecorating his house because he had it done only a month ago.
4. Is he an
Indian? = He
has got fair hair.
He
can’t be an Indian because he has got fair hair.
5. Has the meat gone off? = It
smells terrible.
The
meat must have gone off because it smells terrible.
6. Is he talking on
the
phone? = The
line’s engaged.
He
can’t be talking on the phone because the line’s engaged.
7. Is the table an
antique? = It
only cost him £15.
The
table can’t be antique because it only cost him £15.
8. Is it his
birthday? = He
got a lot of post this morning.
It
must be his birthday because he got a lot of posts this morning.
9. Has he been made
redundant? = He
was only promoted last week.
He
can’t have been made redundant because he was only promoted last week.
Q. Continue the
sentences below with a deduction.
Rules:
A: given
sentence
B: So
+ sub + must + V1 +obj.
So
+ sub + can’t + V1 + obj.
1. He has got a
lovely suntan.
So
he can’t be living indoors.
So
he must have been sunbathing.
2. She is driving a
Mercedes.
So
she can’t be poor.
So
she must be very rich.
3. They didn’t come
to the party.
So
they can’t have been free.
So
they must have been very busy.
4. He isn’t wearing a
uniform.
So
he can’t be going to school.
So
he must be going to market.
5. She speaks
excellent French.
So
she must be French
So
she can’t be Nepali.
6. I can hear music
next door.
So
they must be dancing.
So
they can’t be reading.
Unit: 8
8.1 Good and Bad
Effects
Choose verbs from the
list and write sentences which have been the same meaning as those below. Begin
with the words given.
Allow, enable,
encourage, force, stop, prevent, discourage, save, make it easier, make it more
difficult
1. When
they took the drug, it was more difficult for them to think rationally.
The drug made it more
difficult them to think rationally.
2. When
they took the drug, they didn’t worry about the future.
The drug stopped them
to worry about the future.
3. When
they took the drug they were able to forget all their problems.
The drug enabled them
to forget all their problems.
4. When
they took the drug they could relax and enjoy themselves more easily.
The drug made it
easier them to relax and enjoy themselves more easily.
5. Although
there was a shortage of food, people still wanted to take the drug.
Even the food
shortage didn’t discourage them from taking the drug.
6. Because
of the economic crisis, the government had to take some decisive action.
The economic crisis
forced the government to take some decisive action.
7. After
the new law was introduced, people still took the drug.
The new law didn’t
prevent them from taking the drug.
8. After
the new law was introduced, people wanted to take the drug even more.
The new law
encouraged them to take the drug even more.
9. When
the drug was exported, the Islanders didn’t have to work more than one day a
week.
Exporting the drug
saved the Islander from having to work more than one day a week.
10. When
the drug was exported, they were able to sit in the sun all; day long.
This allowed them to
sit in the sun all day long.
8.4. Course
of action.
Q. Change the
suggestions below using ought to, ought not to, might as swill or there is no
point in.
Rules:
Ought
to = it should be done.
Ought
not to = it shouldn’t be done.
Might
as well = it is better to do but not compulsion.
There
is no point in = it is useless to do.
[Sub + ought to/ought
not to/ might as well + V1 + object. ] we need not to put second sentence.
[There is no point in
+ V4 + obj]
1. Don’t take your children
to see that film – it will frighten them.
You ought not to take
your children to see that film.
2. Let’s
not sell it – it’s not worth anything anyway.
There is no point in
selling it.
3. Why don’t we give
it away – it is not worth anything anyway.
We
might as well give it away.
4. Don’t ask him – he
doesn’t speak English.
There
is no point in asking him.
5. Why don’t you take
a pullover – you have got plenty of room in your case.
You
might as will take a pullover.
6. Why don’t you take
a pullover – it might turn cold.
You
ought to take a pullover.
7. Lets not talk
about it now – the children are listening.
We
ought not to talk about it now.
8. Let’s not argue
about nit now – that won’t solve the problem.
There
is no point in arguing about it.
8.5. Advising on
choice
Rules:
A: Given sentence
B: No, There is no
point in/it is not worth + V4 +obj – Reason. (Why is it useless?)
C: Yes, sub might as
well + V1 (what is better to do)
1. Do
you think I should keep all these old clothes?
A: Do you think I
should keep all these old clothes?
B: No, there is no
point in keeping all these old clothes – they are too dirty.
C: Yes, you might as
well give them to a beggar.
2. What
shall we do with the money? Invest it?
A; What shall we do
with the money? Invest it?
B: No, there is no
point in investing it – it is risky.
C: Yes, you might as
well deposit it in the bank.
3. Should I send this
letter first class?
A:
Should I send this letter first class?
B:
No, There is no point in sending this letter first class – it is not so
important letter.
C:
Yes, we might as will send it to the second class.
4. Let’s get a bigger
washing machine.
A:
Let’s get a bigger washing machine.
B:
No, there is no point in getting a bigger one – it is too expensive.
C:
Yes, we might as well get a smaller one.
5. May be we ought to
keep some of the ice cream for Mary.
A: May be we ought to
keep some of the ice cream for Mary.
B: No, there is no
point in keeping it for Mary – she won’t come.
C: Yes, we might as
well eat them up.
6. Do you think we should
go to school today?
A:
Do you think we should go to school today?
B:
No, there is no point in going to school today – it is a holiday today.
C;
Yes, we might as will go to cinema.
7. I think I will
make a bookcase.
A:
I think I will make a bookcase.
B:
No, there is no point in making a bookcase – you have a few books.
C:
Yes, you might as well make a table.
Unit: 9
9.1 Information
Questions.
Rules:
1. What =
for things What kind of …..? What size of….? What colour……?
How
= for quantity How many……..? How much……?
Which
= for things Which + object…………?
Whose
= for relationship/ possession
2. We have to find
out the “common name” of the three objects.
3. We should make the
question on the same question in which it is given.
4. we should not put
the part of answer.
Structure: [
Wh-word + common name + aux +sub + verb + obj?]
1. Are you having tomato/chicken/mushroom soup
today?
What
soup are we having today?
2. Was
it raining/foggy/ cold when you were in London?
How
was the weather when you were in London?
3. Are you planning
to use your father’s car/Tony’s car/my car?
Whose
car are you planning to use?
4. Are you going
to boil/fry/scramble those eggs?
How
are you cooking those eggs? /What are you going to do with those eggs?
5. Is it 500
miles/1000 miles/a long way is London from here?
How
far is London from here?
6. Would you like to
do manual/office/outdoor work?
What
kind of work would you like to do?
7. Are you
there four/five /six of you?
How
many of you are there?
8. I hear he has hurt
his leg. Has he broken/bruised/cut it/
What
has he done to his leg?
9. Are you
Margaret’s cousin/brother/nephew?
What
is the relation between you and Margaret?
10. Is the
cinema opposite/next to/round the corner from the station?
Where
is the cinema from the station? /What direction is the cinema from the station?
11. Have
you given away/sold/burnt my old football boots?
What
have you done with my old football boots?
12. Did you
use half inch/one-inch/three-quarter-inch screws?
What
size screw did you use?
Q. Look at the set of
words below. And (a) decide what each set has in common (b) ask the information
question about it?
Rules:
a) Put
the common name of three objects.
b) Make
a wh-question as your own.
1. arson/blackmail/assault
a)
Crime b)
What crime did he commit?
2.
stew/grill/roast
a)
way of cooking b) How shall I
cook the meat?
3.
major/sergeant/corporal
a)
rank b)
What rank was he promoted to?
4. primary/grammar/comprehensive
a)
kind of school b) What
kind of school they are at?
5.
Ford/Volkswagen/Citroen
a)
brand of
car b)
What kind of car are you buying?
6.
rubber/leather/plastic
a)
material b)
What material is used in your shoes?
7.
A4/foolscape/quarto
a)
size of
paper b)
What size of paper do you want?
8. Crimson/scarlet/maroon
a)
shade of red colour b) What shade of red is in her dress?
9. rare/medium/ well
done
a)
Way of doing b) How
would you like your steak done?
10. A/B/C
a)
grade b)
What grade did he get in the test?
9.3 Indirect
questions
Rule:
1. Put
the half part of the given answer first.
2. Then,
put “if” if there is yes/no question.
3. Put
the same Wh-word if it is wh question.
4. Change
the position of aux and subject, but don’t change tenses except no 4.
5. If
there are do/does/did, don’t write them but change the verbs V1/V5/V2
respectively.
6. Put
question marks (?) or full stop (.) as it is given.
Rewrite the following
questions into indirect forms.
1. What time did you
wake up this morning?
Can you
remember what time you woke up this morning?
2. How much do colour
TVs costs these days?
Have
you any idea how much colour TVs cost these days?
3. What time does the
film starts?
I
wonder what time the film starts.
4. Was he alone?
Did
you notice if he had been alone.
5. When are they
getting married?
I
am longing to know when they are getting married.
6. Did I lock the
front door?
Do
you remember if I locked the front door?
7. Has the train
left?
Have
you found out the train has left?
8. What colour
curtains did they buy?
Do
you know what colour curtains they bought?
9.2 Getting further
information
Write short
conversation.
1. My sister got
engaged last week.
A:
My sister got engaged last week.
B:
Really? Who did she et engaged to?
A:
She is engaged to a doctor.
B:
But what should I give to her as a gift?
2. He died suddenly
at the age of 35.
A: He died suddenly
at the age of 35.
B: Did he? What did
he die of?
A; He died of cancer.
A: Wasn’t he taken to
hospital?
3. I’m going to wrap
those Christmas present.
A:
I’m going to wrap those Christmas present.
B:
Oh, are you? What are you going to wrap them in?
A:
I am going to wrap them in a shining paper.
B:
Who are you going to present them to?
4. I’m sure John is
in love?
A:
I’m sure John is in love?
B:
Really? Who is John in love with?
A:
He is in love with Neelam.
B:
Will he marry her?
5. Can I borrow your
pen knife for a moment?
A:
Can I borrow your pen knife for a moment?
B:
Oh. Sure. Why do you need it?
A:
I want to peel potatoes.
B:
Can’t you buy a new one?
Unit: 10
10.1 I wish/If only
1.
I wish/if only is used to express our desire.
2.
Wish can be expressed in three ways: 1) Would 2)
could 3) past
tense
a)
Would
To
express hope for help from others, we can use “would.”
[
I wish someone would + V1 + me + Obj.]
b)
Could
To
express the self hope to do something, we can use “could”
[
I wish I could + V1 + obj.]
c)
Past tense
To
express the hope of the different situation than the present, we use past
tense.
[
I wish + opposite Past.]
We have to change the
sentence into negative to positive or positive to negative, or directly
opposite of the given sentence. Then we have to change it into past.
Q. Make sentences
with I wish/if only, using a) would, b) could, c) the past tense.
1.
It is raining.
I
wish someone would give me an umbrella.
I
wish I could buy a rain coat.
I
wish it was sunny.
2.
You are lonely
I
wish someone would come to help me.
I
wish I could contact my friend.
I
wish I were with some friends.
3.
You are ill in bed.
I
wish someone would bring me some medicine.
I
wish I could go to the hospital.
I
wish I was healthy.
4.
Your car has broken down.
I
wish someone would come to help me.
I
wish I could repair it myself.
I
wish I had anew car.
5.
You are short of money.
I
wish someone would lend me some money.
I
wish I could earn enough money.
I
wish I was wealthy.
10.5 Feeling sorry
for yourself.
Rules:
I wish/if only + I had +V3 +Obj
I
shouldn’t + have +V3 +Obj.
Q. What might you
regret in these situations, using I wish../If only.. or I shouldn’t ..?
1. You are suffering
from sunstroke.
I
wish I had taken an umbrella with me.
I
shouldn’t have stayed in the sun.
2. War has suddenly
broken out and you’re stuck in your hotel room.
I
wish I had stayed at home.
I
shouldn’t have come here.
3. Your house has
burnt down.
I
wish I had called the fire brigade.
I
shouldn’t have left the burning candle.
4. You feel seasick.
I
wish I hade travelled by Plane.
I
shouldn’t have travelled by the ship.
5. You are short of
sleep.
I
Wish I had gone to bed earlier.
I
shouldn’t have watched the film all night.
6. Someone has just
refused to marry you.
I
wish I had not proposed her.
I
shouldn’t have liked her.
7. You are stuck half
way up a mountain in fog.
I
wish I had listened to the weather forecast.
I
shouldn’t have climbed in this season.
Composition (page:
104)
Q. Tell the story of
a dream you have had.
Last
Saturday night, I saw a strange dream. I couldn’t say why I saw this fearful
dream and what unfulfilled desire made me to see this dream.
In
my dream I was alone in a jungle. It was a dense forest. It was so beautiful
and green that I was charmed by the beauty of it. The flowers were blossomed
and the fountains were flowing in the forest. I was waiting for my friend
there. The cuckoo’s sweet song had attracted me much. There was spring season
around there.
I
was waiting my friend. A black figure was coming towards me. At first I thought
it was my friend, but later I know that he was neither a man nor an animal. It
was a ghost. It had longer hair and huge body. It had longer claws and teeth.
Its face was covered with long dark hair and it was laughing heavily. I was
afraid with it and tried to escape from there, but I couldn’t run. The ghost
laughed heavily and caught my waist with its single hand and holds me up in the
air. It tried to chew my head into its cave-like mouth. When it put my head
into its mouth, I suddenly woke up in my bed in my room. I found my
pillow had made uneasy to sleep. I was trembling with fear and I couldn’t sleep
till the night. It was my strange dream I had seen last night.
Unit: 11
11. 1.
When
Rules:
When
is used with the past tense.
1.
When + simple past, + simple past.
When
+ [sub+V2 + obj], + [Sub +V2 + Obj]
[if there is no gap
between two events, or the second action is happened due to the reaction of the
first event.]
2.
When + simple past, + past perfect
When
+ [sub + had + V3 + obj], + [Sub + V2 + Obj]
[If there is gap
between two events, or the second event is happened when the first action is
finished]
3. We should not
write ‘and’ or ‘but’ between two clauses. We should put comma (,) between them.
4. If there is no
subject in the second clause we have to put the subject of the first clause.
Q. Change the following
sentences using “When” instead of ‘and’ or ‘but’.
1. She peeled the
banana and gave it to the baby.
When
she had peeled the banana, she gave it to the baby.
2. I looked in the
fridge and found some sausages.
When
I looked in the fridge, I found some sausages.
3. The security man
searched our hand baggage and we boarded the plane.
When
the security men had searched our hand baggage, we boarded the plane.
4. He kicked the dog
and it barked.
When
he kicked the dog, it barked.
5. I went to the duty
free shop and bought a cartoon of Gauloises.
When
I went to the duty free shop, I bought a cartoon of Gauloises.
6. The plane took off
and the stewardess came round with orange juice.
When
the plane had taken off, the stewardess came round with orange juice.
7. He drank the
coffee and asked for another cup.
When
he had drunk the coffee, he asked for another cup.
8. I paid my bill and
left the restaurant.
When
I had paid my bill, I left the restaurant.
9. He put his foot on
the brake but nothing happened.
When
he put his foot on the brake, nothing happened.
10. I read the letter
and threw it into the wastepaper basket.
When
I had read the letter, I threw it into the wastepaper basket.
11. I read his
autobiography and discovered what a strange person he had been.
When
I had read his autobiography, I discovered what a strange person he had been.
11.2 As Soon As
1.
As soon as + simple past +simple past.
As
soon as + [sub+V2 + obj], + [Sub +V2 + Obj]
[if there is no gap
between two events, or the second action is happened due to the reaction of the
first event.]
2.
As soon as + simple past, + past perfect
As
soon as + [sub + had + V3 + obj], + [Sub + V2 + Obj]
[If there is gap
between two events, or the second event is happened when the first action is
finished]
3. We should not
write “and immediately”, “immediately after”, “and then”, “and”. We should put
comma (,) between them.
4. If there is no
subject in the second clause we have to put the subject of the first clause.
5. We should put the
first happened action first.
Q. change the
sentences below using as soon as.
1. They saw the house
and immediately fell in love with it.
As
soon as they saw the house, they fell in love with it.
2. I wrote the letter
and posted it straight away.
As
soon as I had written the letter, I posted it straight away.
3. He got his exam
results and immediately rang up his parents.
As
soon as she had got his exam results, he rang up his parents.
4. The train passed
and immediately the crossing barrier went up.
As
soon as the train had passed, the crossing barrier went up.
5. He got married
again immediately after his wife’s death.
As
soon as his wife had died, he got married again.
6. He left the house
straight after breakfast.
As
soon as he had taken his breakfast, he left the house.
7. I looked into her
eyes and knew immediately that she was she girl for me.
As
soon as I looked into her eyes, I knew that she was the girl for me.
11.4. Getting the
order right.
Rules:
Right order:
If
the two works are put accordingly we have to do, that is right order.
A:
[Sub + v2 + obj] + before + [Sub + V2 +obj]
B:
[Sub +didn’t + V1 + obj] + until + [sub + had + V3 + obj]
C:
Sub +V2 + obj (result)
Wrong order:
If
the two works are not put accordingly we have to do, that is wrong order.
A:
[Sub + didn’t + V1 + obj] + before + [Sub + V2 +obj]
B:
[Sub + V2 + obj] + before + [sub + had + V3 + obj]
C:
Sub +V2 + obj (result)
|
Q. Decide whether the
person did things in right order and say what happened as a result.
1. resigned/found
another
job (W.
O.)
A:
He didn’t find another job before he resigned.
B:
He resigned before he had found another job.
C:
He became jobless.
2. Checked his
change/left the
shop (R.
O)
A:
He checked his change before he left the shop
B:
He didn’t leave the shop until he had checked his change.
C:
He was not deceived.
3. Started driving
the car/insured
it (W.O)
A:
He didn’t insure the car before he started driving it.
B:
He started driving the car before he had insured it.
C:
He had an accident.
4. signed the
contract/read
it (W.
O.)
A:
He didn’t read the contract before he signed it.
B:
He signed the contract before he had read it.
C:
He was cheated.
5. had a good
breakfast/set
out (R.
O.)
A:
He had a good breakfast before he set out.
B:
He didn’t set out until he had a good breakfast.
C:
He was no longer hungry.
6. fastened her seat
belt/drove off (R. O.)
A:
She fastened her seat belt before she drove off.
B:
She didn’t drive off until she had fastened her seat belt.
C:
She was safe in the accident.
7. wiped his
feet/came in (R. O.)
A:
He wiped his feet before he came in.
B;
He didn’t come in until he had wiped his feet.
C:
He kept his room clean.
11.6 Practice
Q. Develop the
sentences below as the expression of unexpected events.
1. [Sub + had only
just + V3 + Obj] + when + [Sub + V2 + Obj]
2. [No sooner +had +
sub + V3 +obj] + than [Sub + V2 + Obj]
[Sub
+V2 +obj] = any unexpected event.
1. The
audience came out of the cinema…..
a)
The audience had only just come out of the cinema when the building collapsed.
b)
No sooner had the audience come out of the cinema than the building collapsed.
2. I reached the
shore…..
a)
I had only just reached the shore when the storm broke out.
b)
No sooner had I reached the shore than the storm broke out.
3. I left the
island….
a)
I had only just left the island when the volcano erupted.
b)
No sooner had I left the island than the volcano erupted.
4. I changed all my
dollars into sterling…
a)
I had only just changed all my dollars into sterling when the value of dollars
went down.
b)
No sooner had I changed all my dollars into sterling than the value of dollars
went down.
5. We got the harvest
in…
a)
We had only just got the harvest in when it started raining.
b)
No sooner had we got the harvest in than it started raining.
6. She insured the
painting….
a)
She had only just insured the painting when it was stolen.
b)
No sooner had she insured the painting than it was stolen.
7. I sold my house……
a)
I had only just sold my house when it collapsed.
b)
No sooner had I sold my house than it collapsed.
Composition (Page
114) Paragraph writing
1.
Happiness
Happiness
It
is difficult to define what happiness is. In general sense, happiness it just
the state of our mind when we are satisfied. So, mental satisfaction is
happiness. Every person in the world wants to be happy but he /she couldn’t get
it. Some people think that money and power give us happiness, but it is not so.
Self satisfaction is happiness. In Mahabharata, It is said that we become happy
when we leave our desire. Our greed and our desire make us unsatisfied what we
have because we need more money and other property, then we become sad. It
really depends on you. You choose to be happy because happiness never comes to
a person. You see, a person (a man or woman or people) has the ability to
choose. Maybe Happiness is a virtue. It is a feeling. It is a perspective.
Happiness is not a permanent state, and no matter what we get, we will always
swing between happiness and sadness. Just look at the miserable rich people out
there. In terms of income, it has been shown that once we have a roof over our heads
and food on the table, increasing amounts of money cannot buy more happiness.
2.
Jealousy
Jealousy
Jealousy
is unhappy and angry feeling at other’s progress. If we think we couldn’t do
what a next person does, we become angry with his progress that is jealousy.
For example when the mother gives delicious food to a small baby it makes the
old child jealous. Sometime we become jealous even at out friend’s progress. It
is a human nature to be jealous. But it shouldn’t be destructive. We should
take it as for the encouragement of our own progress. If we only burn at the
other’s progress, we could do nothing in our life and it would be harmful to
us. For example when a boy is walking with another girl, his girlfriend becomes
jealous. In films and plays we see that they become take revenge due to
jealousy. If we become much jealous, it will ruin our life.
Unit: 12
Comparison
12.3 Comparing
Prices.
Rules; Sub +
comparative + than + obj.
A
is as +adj+ as +B.
B
is not + as +adj + as +A.
To show more than:
twice/two times, three times.
To show less than :
about, a little, a bit,
1. Tinned Peas: 25
p frozen
peas: 48 p
Frozen
peas are nearly twice as expensive as tinned peas.
Frozen
peas cost about twice as much as tinned peas.
Tinned
peas cost about a half the price of frozen peas.
2. Cotton sheets:
£14 silk
sheets: £150
Cotton
sheets are about an eleventh as expensive as silk sheets.
Silk
sheets cost about eleven times as much as cotton sheets.
Cotton
sheets are about an eleventh the price of silk sheets
3. Olive oil:
£2 corn
oil: £99p
Olive
oil is about twice as expensive as corn oil.
Olive
oil costs about twice as much as corn oil.
Corn
oil is about half of the price of olive oil.
4. Leather gloves:
£8 woolen
gloves: £2.75
Leather
gloves are three times as expensive as woolen gloves.
Leather
gloves cost about three times as much as woolen gloves.
Woolen
gloves are about a third the price of leather gloves.
5. Color TV:
£310 black
& white TV: £60
Color
TV is about five times as expensive as black& white TV.
Color
TV costs about three times as much as black & white TV.
Black
& white TV is about one fifth the price of colour TV.
12.4 Measuring Other
Differences.
Write
the other nouns in the table.
Expensive price
Deep depth
High/tall height
Wide width
Thick thickness
Long length
Heavy weight
Fast speed
12.6. Now change
these sentences below into comparative sentences using: a) than b) as….as
1. The exam is not
usually very difficult, but this year it was quite tough.
a)
The exam was tougher this year than it usually is.
b)
This year the exam wasn’t as easy as it usually is.
2. I had imagined my
landlady would be in her fifties, but she turned out to be thirty.
a)
My landlady is younger than I had imagined her to be.
b)
My landlady isn’t as old as I have imagined her to be.
3. His parents would
like him to work hard, but he doesn’t.
a)
His parents would like him to work harder than he does.
b)
He doesn’t work as hard as his parents would like him to do.
4. The washing
machine makes a lot of noise, although it used to be fairly quiet.
a)
The washing machine is nosier than it used to be.
b)
The washing machine isn’t as quiet as it used to be.
5. You said I would
enjoy the film, but in fact I didn’t like it much
a)
I enjoy the film less than you said I would do.
b)
I didn’t enjoy the film as much as you said I would do.
6. I had hoped to do
quite a lot of work today, but I have only managed to do a little.
a)
I have done less work today than I had hoped to do.
b)
I haven’t done as much work today as I have hoped to do.
7. They could have
helped me a lot, but in fact they hardly helped me at all.
a)
They helped me far less than they could have done.
b)
They didn’t help me as much as they could have done.
8.I hadn’t expected
her to be very angry, but in fact she was absolutely furious.
a)
She was much more furious than I had expected her to be.
b)
She wasn’t as quiet as I had expected her to be.
9. Fifty people had
been invited, but eighty came.
a)
Far more people came than we had invited.
b)
People didn’t come as few as we had invited.
Writing ( Page: 121)
Q.
A friend has written to you, saying he/she is on a strict diet and is eating
very little, but that he/she is still putting on weight. Write a reply,
explaining what he or she is doing wrong and giving some good advice.
Adarshnagar
Nepalgunj
Date:
05/01/2012
Dear Shankar,
I
got your letter yesterday. I got to know your problem of putting of weight. You
had written that you were on a strict diet and eating little.
I
think you have done something wrong in it. You perhaps don’t know how to lose
your weight. At first you shouldn’t eat that food which contains fat and
calories. You should reduce eating carbohydrate, meat and other oily food. The
best way to reduce weight is to do physical exercise and yoga. Yoga would give
you relief by making your body attractive and healthy. You can do jogging and
you can go to the yoga center. If you try this for a month you surely lose your
weight. I hope you will surely follow my suggestion. I hope I will get your
reply soon.
Yours
Ramesh
Adhikari
Composition (page:
123)
Q. Write a review for
a newspaper of a recent film, play or book.
Munamadan:
A historical Film of Nepal
I’ve
recently watch the film ‘Munamadan’. It is a Nepali film. I’ve watched it in a
computer through CD. This film really represents the picture of Nepalese
youths who goes to the foreign countries leaving their family. Laxmi Prasad
Devkota wrote the book Munamadan as a song, later the story is converted into a
film. It is a historical and realistic film of Nepal. It is a tragedy,
based on Nepal's most famous epic poem. Madan, a lower-class worker, is forced
by poverty and mounting debts to go to Lhasa, Tibet, leaving behind his lonely
mother and beloved wife, Muna. However, tragedy befalls him on the way home.
In
this film, Madan, a poor Nepalese youth goes to Lhasa to earn some money
leaving his dearest wife Muna and his very old mother at his house. He earned
money there. When he was coming to his house, he became sick on the way. But
his friends left him alone there. A bhote meets min at night and took him to
his house. He makes Madan healthy and he comes back to his house. At that time
his mother and his wife were already dead in his memory. The film ends with the
pathetic scene. It touches everybody’s heart.
In
this film, Deepak Tripathi is in the role of Madan and Usha Paudel is in the
role of Muna. This film was directed by Gynendra Bdr. Deuja.This film has
presented the typical Nepali theme of poverty and family love. The plot,
dialogue and setting of the film are realistic. The songs are so heart touching
and the decoration, costumes and dresses are all traditional one. I like to
request all to watch this film at once because it teaches us about ourselves.
Unit: 13
13.1 When …
Q. Join the following
remarks using when.
Rules:
1. [When
+ you + V1 + Obj] , [you have to + V1 + obj]
2. [When
you have +V3 + obj] , [you + V1 + Obj]
1.
arrive/border - show/passport
When
you arrive at the border, you have to show your passport.
When
you have shown your passport, you can go ahead.
2.
water/boil - pour/teapot
When
you boil the water, you have to pour it into the teapot.
When
you have poured it into the teapot, you put some sugar in it.
3. turn
off/light - change/bulb
When
you turn off the light, you have to change the bulb.
When
you have changed the bulb, you turn on the light.
4. turn
on/gas - light/gas
When
you turn on the gas, you have to light the gas.
When
you have lit the gas, you can cook your food.
5. meet/stranger - shake/hands
When
you meet the stranger, you have to shake hands.
When
you have shook hands, you introduce yourself.
6.
eat/meal - pay/bill
When
you eat meal, you have to pay the bill.
When
you have paid the bill, you come out from the hotel
13.2 Emphasizing the
Right Order
We
should put the work before which we have to do first. If the work is in wrong
order we should replace it.
Rules:
1. you should + first work + before +you second work.
2.
You shouldn’t + second work + until + you have + V3 second work.
3.
Otherwise + reason (sub + might +V1 +obj)
1. wind the film
on/close the camera
a)
You should close the camera before you wind the film on.
b)
You shouldn’t wind the film on until you have closed the camera.
c)
Otherwise the film might be damaged.
2. wind the film on
/take a picture
a)
You should wind the film on before you take a picture
b)
you should take a picture until you have wound the film on.
c)
Otherwise you might ruin the picture.
3. read the
label/wash a blouse
a)
You should read the label before you wash a blouse.
b)
You shouldn’t wash a blouse, until you have read the label.
c)
Otherwise you might damage it.
4. turn off the
mains/change the fuse
a)
You should turn off the mains before you change the fuse.
b)
You shouldn’t change the fuse until you have turned off the mains.
c) Otherwise
you might get an electric shock.
5. pay the bill/check
it
a)
You should check the bill before you pay it.
b)
You shouldn’t pay the bill until you have paid it.
c)
Otherwise you might pay more.
6. bandage a wound/
clean it
a)
You should clean a wound before you bandage it.
b)
You shouldn’t bandage a wound until you have cleaned it.
c)
Otherwise you might get an infection.
7. listen the weather
forecast/go sailing
a)
You should listen the weather forecast, before you go siling.
b)
You shouldn’t go sailing until you have listened the weather forecast.
c)
Otherwise you might get weight.
8. Buy your
girlfriend a ring/ask her to marry you
a)
You should ask your girlfriend to marry you before you buy her a ring.
b)
You shouldn’t buy your girlfriend a ring until you have asked her to marry you.
c)
Otherwise it might be useless.
13.4. Natural Process
All the verbs
describe the changes of state. Which of them are used for talking about:
1. Changes
in
size? =
expand contract, shrink, stretch, swell
2. Solids
become liquids? = melt,
dissolve
3. Liquids
become solids? = set,
freeze, congeal
4. Liquids
become
gas? =
evaporate
5. gases
become
liquid/ =condense
Expand,
contract,
shrink,
stretch,
swell, melt,
dissolve,
set,
freeze,
congeal,
evaporate,
condense
What happens when
you……..
1. Put a lump of ice
in glass of lemonade.
It melts.
2. leave a pullover
in a hot water
It
shrinks
3. leave liquid
cement on the ground.
It
sets
4. leave a bowl of
water outside in the sun.
It
evaporates
5. leave a bowl of
water outsides the south pole.
It
freezes
6. leave a bowl of
hot water in front of a mirror.
It
condenses
7. put some lump of
sugar in your coffee.
It
dissolves
8.blow into a
balloon.
It
expands
9. pour cold water
onto hot metal.
It
contracts
10. leave rice in a
bowl of water
It
swells
11. fill a bowl with
blood and leave it.
It
congeals.
Composition (page
133)
Q. You are studying
at a language school. Write a letter to a friend telling him/her what it is
like.
Bhrikutinagar
Nepalgunj Date:
10/01/2012
Dear Nisha,
I
got your kind letter yesterday and I became extremely happy knowing about your
computer institute where you are studying. I’m going to write you about a
language institute where I am learning English language.
I
think this Oasis Language Institute is the best institute of Nepalgunj. Only
the experienced language instructors are there to teach us. They always tell us
not to feel any hesitation to speak English whether it could be mistake while
speaking. If we feel hesitation, we couldn’t speak it. They also focus on
practice rather than the theory of English language. They use audio and visual
teaching materials to teach us. Sometimes we have to talk with the tourists who
come there. Sometimes the foreigners also take classes. Group discussion is
basically focused to learn language. There is a good environment of learning
English. I have been learning it for three months. I think I am improving my
language than the past. I think I will be fluent in English with in six months.
If you like to learn English, I’d like you to recommend this institute. I hope
I will get your reply soon.
Yours
lovely friend
Preeti
Unit: 14
14.1 Practice
Q. Change the
sentences below, using sure to, certain to, bound to, likely to and unlikely
to:
Rules:
1. I’m sure = Sure to
2. Will certainly,
will definitely = bound to /certain to
3. Will/will
probably/ I I expect + will = likely to
4. probably won’t/
won’t, /I doubt if = unlikely to
Structure:
Sub
+is/am/are + (sure to/certain to/bound to/likely to/unlikely to) +V1 +Obj.
1. The price of bread
will definitely go up within a few weeks.
The price of bread is
bound to go up within a few weeks.
2. There will
probably be more fighting in the capital.
There
is likely to be more fighting in the capital.
3. He probably won’t
arrive.
He
is unlikely to arrive.
4. I expect there’ll
be lots of people at the meeting.
There
is likely to be lots of people at the meeting.
5. I doubt if the
miners will go on strike.
The
miners are unlikely to go on strike.
6. There probably
won’t much snow this winter.
There
is unlikely to be much snow this winter.
7. There will
definitely be a few tickets left.
There
are certainly to be few tickets left.
8. I doubt if they
will move this summer.
They
are unlikely to move this summer.
9. I’m sure a new
chairman will be appointed soon.
A
new chairman is sure to be appointed soon.
10. The government
probably won’t make the wearing of seat belts compulsory.
The
government is unlikely to make the wearing of seat belts compulsory.
11. In ten years’ time
everyone will have a digital watch.
In
ten years time everyone is likely to have a digital watch.
12. By the end of the
century, cars will probably be obsolete.
By
the ten years’ time, cars are likely to be obsolete.
14.2 Precaution
1. Do you think I
should reserve a table?
A:
Do you think I should reserve a table?
B:
Yes, you should- the restaurant is likely to be full.
C:
There is no point in – there are unlikely to be many people there.
2. I suppose I could
try to get a bank loan.
A:
I suppose I could try to get a bank loan.
B:
Yes, you could – you are likely to start a new business.
C:
There is no point in – you are very unlikely to get a bank loan
3. I was thinking of
inviting her out to dinner.
A: I was thinking of
inviting her out to dinner
B: Yes, you should –
she is sure to accept it.
C:
There is no point in – she is unlikely to accept your invitation.
4. Shall we take
sandwiches?
A:
Shall we take sandwiches?
B:
Yes, you should – you are unlikely to get other things to eat.
C:
There is no point in – there are likely to be many other things.
5. Do you
think I should apply?
A: Do you think I
should apply?
B:
Yes, you should – you are sure to get the job.
C:
There is no point – there are likely to be hundreds of applicant.
6. Do you think I
should buy some spare batteries?
A: Do you think I
should buy some spare batteries?
B:
Yes, you should – you are likely to walk in the dark.
C:
There is no point – these batteries are unlikely to be finished.
7. May be I should
get some malaria tablets before I go.
A: May be I should
get some malaria tablets before I go.
B:
Yes, you should – there are likely to many mosquitos.
C:
There is no point – there are likely to be many hospitals.
14.3 Horoscope
Q. Write the names of
12 zodiacs.
1.
Aries 2.
Taurus 3.
Gemini
4.
Cancer 5.
Leo 6.
Virgo
7.
Libra 8.
Scorpio 9.
Sagittarius
10.
Capricorn 11.
Aquarius 12.
Pisces
Unit: 15
15.5 Hearsay
Rules:
1. We should avoid
the following words from each sentence:
Apparently
People
say
They
say that
I
am told that
I
have heard that.
2. We have to use
is/am/are after each subject.
3. We should put
Supposed to in each sentence after the subject.
4. We should use V1
after supposed to as: is = be
Are
= be
Am
= be
V5
= V1
Has
= have
V2
= have + V3
Was
= have been
Were
= have been
Had
= have had
5. We have to put
object as it is given
Q. Change the
following remarks using supposed
to.
Structure: [Sub +
is/am/are + supposed to + V1 + object.]
1. Apparently
elephants have very long memories.
Elephants
are supposed to have very long memories
2. People say it is
unlucky to walk under a ladder.
It
is supposed to be unlucky to walk under a ladder.
3. They say there is
a monster in Loch Ness.
There
is supposed to be a monster in Loch Ness.
4. Apparently Marilyn
Monroe was insomniac.
Marilyn
Monroe is supposed to have been insomniac.
5. I am told that
garlic stops you catching cold.
Garlic
is supposed to stop you catching cold.
6. Apparently Venice
is slowly sinking into the sea.
Venice is
supposed to be slowly sinking into the sea.
7. I’m told that he
was a lorry driver at one time.
He
is supposed to have been a lorry driver at one time.
8. They say
Methuselah lived for more than 300 years.
Methuselah
is supposed to have lived for more than 300 years.
9. I have heard that
student grants are going up next year.
Student
grants are supposed to be going up next year.
10. People say she
was born on board a ship.
She
is supposed to have been born on board a ship.
11. They say the
universe is expanding all the time.
The
universe is supposed to be expanding all the time.
Practice:
Q. Answer threes
questions using supposed to, apparently, I hear, I’m told, people say, they
say.
1. Do you know if
Alsatians make good pets?
Alsatians
are supposed to make good pets.
2. What does it feel
like to be hypnotized?
I
hear it feels great to be hypnotized.
3. I am thinking of
going to see (name of film). Do you know what it is like?
People
say The Bodyguard is a boring film.
4. I wonder what is
happening in (name of country in the news)?
I
hear that people are dying in Japan.
5. What do you think
(famous person) is like as a person?
People
say he was a far-sighted leader.
6. I wonder what it’s
like to actually live in Hollywood?
They
say it is expensive to live in Hollywood.
7. Do you know
anything about life in Ancient Greece?
Life
in Ancient Greece is supposed to have been interesting.
15.6 Passive
reporting verbs
Rule: it is +V3 +
that + sentence.
1. Some people report
that the American Government is worried about the situation.
It
is reported that the American Government is worried about the
situation
2. Sources estimate
that more than 100 people have died in the past two days.
It
is estimated that more than 100 people have died in the past two days.
3. Everyone knows
that the rebels’ weapons came across the border by road.
It
is known that the rebels’ weapons came across the border by road.
4. A lot of people
believe that the President is about to resign.
It
is believed that the President is about to resign.
5. People say that
the rebels are winning.
It
is said that the rebels are winning.
6. Some sources
allege that both sides have tortured prisoners.
It
is alleged that both sides have tortured prisoners.
Work Book
Unit: 1
1. “Be used” (Page 7)
Continue the remarks
below with a sentence using (not) used to.
Structure:
Sub + is/am/are +(
not )+ used to +V4 + Obj
1. The traffic
doesn’t wake him up at night.
He
is used to sleeping in the street.
2. He is going to
find it hard work working on a building site.
He
isn’t used to working on a building site.
3. She is quite
surprised when I gave her some flowers.
She
is not used to receiving flowers from others.
4. He won’t mind if
you stare at him.
He
is used to being stared at.
5. I get a bit lonely
sometimes, now that she has gone.
I
am not used to living alone.
6. It is quite hard
work doing all my own washing and cleaning.
I
am not used to washing and cleaning.
7. I don’t think
she’s ever opened a door herself.
She
is used to asking others to open her door.
8. You can bring as
many friends as you like home to dinner.
We
are used to enjoying with the guests.
9. I’m not surprised
he is out of breath.
He
is not used to running.
10. Ooh dear. I’ve
got a stomach-ache.
I’m
not used to having oily food.
Unit: 2
2. Identifying with
‘Like’ (page: 10)
Continue the
following remarks with look, sound, smell, feel, taste + like
Structure: Subject +
[look, sound, smell, feel, taste] + like +
Obj. [He/she/it = V5]
1. Surely he is not a
manual worker.
He
looks like a businessman to me.
2. Are you sure this
is tea?
It
tastes like coffee.
3. I wonder who wrote
that music.
It
sounds like the music of Sambhujit.
4. He has got a
foreign accent.
He
sounds like an American.
5. This material is
very soft.
It
feels like cotton.
6. What is that you are
cooking?
It
smells like meat.
7. They have got very
similar faces.
They
look like twins.
8. This isn’t real
leather, is it?
It
feels like plastic.
9. I have got
something in my shoe.
It
feels like a stone.
10. I don’t think you
made this cake yourself.
It
tastes like the baker’s.
Unit 3
3. Previous Events
(page: 13)
Complete the
following sentences using the past perfect tense.
Rule:
I + had + V3
1. I apologized to
him for all the inconvenience I had caused.
2. I took back to the
library all the books I had borrowed.
3. I was thoroughly
ashamed of the stupid mistake I had committed.
4. On the application
form I had to list all the schools I had studied.
5. I couldn’t decide
weather to apply for the job I had wanted.
6. He couldn’t pay
back the money I had lent.
7. I complained to
the examiner about the mark I had scored.
8. I wanted to show
her the present I had bought.
9. I threw away the
pieces of the vase I had broken.
Unit: 3 (page: 15)
Relative clause
Q. Join the following
sentences together using s non-defining relative clause.
1. Finally Brown
(Willis had sharing an office with him) decided to retire.
Finally
brown, with whom Willis had been sharing an office, decided to retire.
2. Mrs. Aldrich (she
was married with two children) never recovered consciousness.
Mrs.
Aldrich, who was married with two children, never recovered consciousness.
3. The old house 9the
family had lived in it for 300 years) was finally sold.
The
old house, in which the family had lived for 300 years, was finally sold.
4. Mary noticed that
he was wearing her ring (she had lost it five years before).
Mary
noticed that he was wearing her ring which she had lost five years before.
5. Nobody liked the
eldest son (Old lord Banbury had left all his money to him).
Nobody
liked the eldest son to whom Old lord Banbury had left all his money.
6. He proudly showed
me round his house (he had paid £100000 for it).
He
proudly showed me round his house for which he had paid £100000.
7. He became quite
fond of Brixton prison (he had spent so much of his life there).
He
became quite fond of Brixton prison where he had spent so much of his life.
8. Harold (she had
always been in love with him) finally asked her to marry him).
Harold,
with whom she had always been in love, finally asked her to marry him.
9. Godfrey (his
parents had been in the theatre) decided to become an actor himself.
Godfrey,
whose parents had been in the theatre, decided to become an actor himself.
10. In 1948 (he was
still a student then) he joined the Conservative Party.
In
1948, when he was still a student, he joined the Conservative Party
Unit: 4
Character Definitions
(page: 19)
1. A
considerate person
A
considerate person is someone who is careful not to hurt your feelings.
2. An
unreliable person
An
unreliable person is someone who lets people down.
3. A Stingy person
A
Stingy person is someone who does not buy you drinks.
4. A thick-skinned
person
A
thick-skinned person is someone who takes no care of how of other people
criticize him.
5. A vain person
A
vain person is someone who has a high opinion of himself.
6. A skeptical person
A
skeptical person is someone who always doubts what you tell him.
7. An optimistic
person
An
optimistic person is someone who expects only good things to happen.
8. A pessimist person
A pessimist
person is someone who expects bad things to happen.
9. A generous person
A generous
person is someone who gives away lots of money.
10. Reliable
Person
A
reliable person is someone who does not let people down.
11. Modest
person
A modest person
is someone who doesn’t boast.
Unit: 5
Time Expressions
(page: 22)
Fill in the sentences
below with for, in, until, by.
Rule:
1. Activities: if the
action is not complete and the actor could not show his achievement, that is activity.
Prepositions: Period
of time = for
Point
of time = until
2. Achievement: If
the action is complete and the actor could show his/her achievement what he/she
had done, that is achievement.
Prepositions: Period
of time = in
Point
of time = by
1. She studied
medicine by the age of 25.
2. They got the lunch
ready by 12: 30.
3. He learnt to swim
in six week.
4. They lived in New Castel until 1973.
5. My father ran a
bookshop for two years.
6. We did all our
housework in a couple of hours.
7. We did some
housework for a couple of hours.
8. I finished
my homework by suppertime.
9. We discussed
politics until three in the morning.
10. They reached the
top of the mountain in four hours.
11. I borrowed my
neighbor’s power drill for a few days.
12. He got all the
letters typed by four o’clock.
13. The concert was
over by half past nine.
14. He saved up
£200 by Easter.
15. I studied French for five
years.
16. She became a
qualified physiotherapist in twelve months.
17. I dug the
garden in a couple of hours.
18. He stayed in
bed until lunchtime.
Unit: 6
Reporting
Q. Report the
following remarks, beginning He told me….
1. My father is ill
He told me his father
was ill.
2. I will tell her
when I see her.
He told me he would
tell her when he saw her.
3. I have been
sleeping very badly.
He told me he had
been sleeping very badly.
4. If they are
waiting for you, you ought to go.
He told me if they
were waiting for me I ought to go.
5. The price of
petrol’s going to go up.
He told me the price
of petrol was going to go up.
6. I’m sure she won’t
mind if you use the phone.
He told me he was
sure she wouldn’t mind if I used the phone.
7. I wasn’t invited
to the wedding.
He said that he
hadn’t been invited to the wedding.
8. I have had my car
serviced.
He told me he had had
his car serviced.
9. I’m reading that
book you lent me.
He told me he was
reading that book I had lent him.
10. They don’t play
as much tennis as they used to.
He told me they
didn’t play as much tennis as they used to.
11. Since they have
already got one, there is no point in giving them one.
He told me since they
had already got one; there was no point in giving them one.
12. You look as if
you haven’t eaten for weeks.
He told me I looked
as if I hadn’t eaten for weeks.
Q. Choose one of the
verbs in the list to report each of the remarks below.
Promise, advise
, suggest , urge, threaten, recommend, insist, beg
1. I can’t tell you
how important it is for you to give up smoking.
He
urged me to give up smoking.
2. You have got to
lend me the money! Oh, please, please!
He
begged me to lend him the money.
3. Why don’t you
paint the ceiling yellow?
He
suggested me to paint the ceiling yellow.
4. I’ll buy you an
ice cream if you are good.
He
promised to buy me an ice cream if I was good.
5. You should spend a
week in Scotland – it is lovely.
He
recommended that I should spend a week in Scotland.
6. No, I have already
told you – I’m going to pay.
He
insisted that he was going to pay.
7. You really ought
to have your roof repaired, you know.
He
advised me to have my roof repaired.
8. I’ll report to the
police if you don’t do what I say.
He
threatened to report me to the police if I didn’t do what he said.
Unit: 7
Q. Rewrite the
sentences below, using must, can’t, may/might.
1. I’m sure they have
arrived.
They must have
arrived.
2. I”M sure he is not
having lunch having lunch.
He can’t be having
lunch.
3. Perhaps he didn’t
hear you.
He might not have
heard you.
4. I’m sure it hasn’t
been snowing.
It can’t have been
snowing.
5. Perhaps he wasn’t
telling the truth.
He might not have
been telling the truth.
6. I’m sure you are
exhausted.
You must be
exhausted.
7. May be he was
delayed.
He might have been
delayed.
8. I’m convinced you
haven’t forgotten my name.
You can’t have
forgotten my name.
9. I am sure I was
dreaming.
I must have been
dreaming.
10. I’m sure you are
imagining things.
You must be imagining
things.
11. It is possible
that they are going away.
They may be going
away.
12. I’m sure they
weren’t serious.
They can’t have been
serious.
13. Obviously he has
been kidnapped.
He must have been
kidnapped.
14. Perhaps she is
going to ring.
She may be going to
ring.
15. I’m sure they
weren’t informed.
They can’t have been
informed.
Q. Explain the
following deduction using if….sentence
Rules:
1. If
+ simple present, + simple future
2. If
+ simple past, + Would + V1
3. If
+ past perfect, + would have + V3
1. He can’t be a
soldier-he’s not wearing a uniform.
If
he was a soldier, he would be wearing a uniform.
2. There can’t be
anyone at home – the car has gone.
If
there was anyone at home, the car wouldn’t have gone.
3. They must be
having an argument – they have shut the door.
If
they were not having an argument, they wouldn’t have shut the door.
4. She can’t have
been enjoying herself – she left early.
If
she had been enjoying herself, she wouldn’t have left early.
5. He must have been
here recently – the kettle’s warm.
If he had not been
here recently, the kittle wouldn’t have been warm.
6. He can’t be
working at the library – I haven’t seen him.
If
he was working in the library, I would have seen him there.
7. She must know
English – she was listening to BBC.
If
she didn’t know English, she would not be listening the BBC.
8. They must have got
lost – they’re not here yet.
If
they had not got lost, they would be here now.
Unit: 8
Q. Rewrite the
sentences about supermarkets below, beginning with the words given.
Encourage enable, allow, make
it
easier, discourage, save, force, make
it more difficult
1. People tend to buy
more in supermarkets because of the open display.
The open display
encourages people to buy more.
2. People can also
steal things more easily because of the open display.
The open display
makes it easier to the people to steal things.
3. There’s a wide
range of goods, so you can do all your shopping in one place.
The wide range of
goods enables you to do all your shopping in one place.
4. Some supermarkets
use cameras, so the people are less likely to steal things.
The use of cameras
discourages people to steal things.
5. Must supermarkets
have a car park next door, so costumers don’t have to carry their shopping a
long way.
Having a car park
next door saves costumers from carrying their shopping a long way.
6. Supermarkets buy
in bulk, so they can sell thins at cut prices.
Buying in bulk allows
them to sell things in cut prices.
7. Because
supermarkets sell things at cut prices, smaller shops have to lower their
prices too.
The cut prices in
supermarkets forces smaller shops to lower their prices too.
8. Because of the
competition from supermarkets, it’s harder for smaller shops to stay in
business.
The competition from
supermarkets makes it more difficult for smaller shops to stay in business.
Unit: 9
Indirect questions;
1. What does he do
for a living? I often wonder.
I often wonder what
he does for a living.
2. Does she like
classical music? Can you remember?
Can you remember
whether she likes classical music?
3. Where are you
going for your holidays? Have you decided yet?
Have you decided yet
where you are going for holidays?
4. Are you coming
tomorrow? I need to know.
I need to know
whether you are coming tomorrow.
5. Did you ever find
your camera? I have been meaning to ask you.
I have been meaning
to ask you whether you ever found your found your camera.
6. What crime was he
been charged with? Do you know?
Do you know what
crime he has been charged with.
7. Did he look angry?
Did you notice?
Did you notice if he
had looked angry?
Unit 10
Q. Write three wishes
for the following situations each: 1) would 2) could 3) past tense
1. You are in bed
with flue.
If only my
temperature would go down.
I wish I could get
up.
I wish there wasn’t
so much traffic outside.
2. You are lost.
If only I would get
some friend.
I wish I could inform
my friend.
I wish I was able to
find the way.
3. You are out of
work.
I wish I could get a
job.
If only I would start
my business.
I wish I had a lot of
money.
4. You are trying to
communicate with a foreigner who doesn’t speak your language.
If only I would get
interpreter.
I wish I could
express my ideas.
I wish I was perfect
in the new language.
5. You are in love.
If only I could write
a love poem.
I wish she would live
me.
I wish I talked to
her about dating.
Unit 11
Events in Rapid
Succession
Q. Write two
sentences showing how the following pairs of events happened in rapid succession:
(a) using only just (b) using no sooner
1. My grandfather
retired / he had a heart attack
a) My grandfather had
only just retired when he had a heart attack
b) No sooner had my
grandfather retired than he had a heart attack.
2. The Wilkinsons
went to bed / Mrs. Wilkinson heard a strange noise
a) The Wilkinsons had
only just gone to bed when Mrs. Wilkinson heard a strange noise.
b) No sooner had the
Wilkinsons gone to bed than Mrs. Wilkinson heard a strange noise.
3. The plane took off
/ three hijackers walked into the cabin.
a) The plane had only
just taken off when three hijackers walked in the cabin.
b) No sooner had the
plane taken off than three hijackers walked into the cabin.
4. I sat down to
watch mu favourite program / some friends turned off.
a) I had only just
sat down to watch my favourite programme when some friends turned off.
b) No sooner had I
sat down to watch my favourite programme than some friends turned off.
5. The new exhibition
hall was opened / it was destroyed by fire.
a) The new exhibition
hall had only just opened when it was destroyed by fire.
b) No sooner had the
new exhibition the new exhibition opened than it was destroyed by fire.
Unit: 12
Q. Write comparative
sentences based on the information below.
1. Car sales last
year in Britain: British Cars: 38% foreign cars: 62%
Foreign cars are a
lot more popular than British
cars . (a
lot)
British cars aren’t
nearly as popular as foreign
cars. (not
nearly)
2. Exam
Marks: Jane:
75% Paul: 42%
Jane scores far
higher percentage of marks than Paul. (far)
Paul didn’t score
nearly as high percentage of marks as Jane. (not nearly)
3. My house:
£4000, your house: £38500
My house costs
slightly more than yours. (Slightly)
Your house costs
almost as much as mine. (almost)
4. Jane is
16, Paul
is 17
Paul is a bit older
than Jane. (a bit)
Jane isn’t quite as
old as Paul. (not quite)
5. Math Exam 70%
failed, History Exam: 24% failed.
The Math exam was
much more difficult than history exam. (much)
The history exam
wasn’t nearly as difficult as the math exam. (not nearly)
Unit: 13
Getting the right
order
1. Wash your hand /
eat
a) You should wash
your hand before you eat.
b) You shouldn’t eat
until you have washed your hands.
c) Otherwise you
might get an infection.
2. Close your windows
/ go out
a) You should close
your windows before you go out.
b) You shouldn’t go
out until you have closed your windows.
c) Otherwise thieves
might enter your house.
3. have some driving
lessons / take your driving test.
a) You should have
some driving lessons before you take some driving test.
b) You shouldn’t take
your driving test until you have had some driving test.
c) Otherwise you
might fail the test.
4. clean your teeth /
go to bed
a) You should clean
your teeth before you go to bed.
b) You shouldn’t go
to bed until you have cleaned your teeth.
c) Otherwise your
teeth might be damaged.
5. test the
temperature of the water / bath the baby
a) You should test
the temperature of the water before you bath the baby.
b) You shouldn’t bath
the baby until you have tested the temperature of the water.
c) Otherwise it might
burn him.
Unit: 14
Giving Advice with
predictions
1. Do you think I
should learn Chinese/
Yes, you should –
it’s sure to help you get a job.
I wouldn’t - you are
unlikely to use it very much.
2. I was thinking of
building a swimming pool in the garden.
Yes, you should – you
are sure to make your health better by swimming in it.
I wouldn’t –you are
unlikely to swim in water.
3. Perhaps I should
take a week off work.
Yes, you should – you
are likely to feel fresh after your holiday.
I wouldn’t – you are
certain to be bored after a day or two.
4. I can’t decide
whether to buy a house or not.
Yes, you should – you
definitely want have to pay the higher rent.
No you shouldn’t –
the rent is likely to be far over than the investment.
5. They have sent me
the wrong size. Shall I write and complain?
Yes, you should –
they are sure to send you the right size.
No, you shouldn’t –
even the wrong one is likely to be lost.
Unit: 15
Passive reporting
verbs
1. He was born in
Manchester in 1932. (know)
He is
known to have been born in Manchester in 1932.
2. His parents took
him to America when he was seven. (think)
His parents are
thought to have taken him to America when he was seven.
3. He is worth five
billion dollars. (estimate)
He is estimated to be
worth five billion dollars.
4. He is living on a
remote Greek island. (remour)
He’s remoured to be
living on a remote Greek Island.
5. He was responsible
for murders in the sixties. (allege)
He’s alleged to have
been responsible for several murders in the sixties.
6. He has been
married five times. (believe)
He’s believed to have
been married five times.
7. He is a heavy
drinker (say)
He is said to be a
heavy drinker.
8. He has had a
serious heart attack recently. (think)
He has thought to
have had a serious heart attack recently.
9. Several
governments are suing him for tax offences, (report)
Several governments
are reported to be suing him for tax offences.
Test Book
Higher Secondary
Education Board – HSEB
Examination – 2064
Class – XII
(Management, Science, Education & Humanities)
Full Marks : 100
Pass Mark : 35 Time
: 3hrs
Attempt all the
questions.
1.
Read the following passage and answer the questions below: [5
× 3 = 15]
We
were summoned to his room at the end of the day. Under normal
conditions, he would welcome us with a smile, crack a joke or two, talk of
nothing in particular for a couple of minutes and state the actual business.
But today we found him dry and sullen. He motioned us to our
seats and said, “Could you imagine a worse shock for me? I came across a
student of the English Honours who did not know till this day that “honours’
had to be spelt with a ‘u’. He finished his sentence with a sharp, grim laugh.
We looked at each other at a loss to know what to reply. Our Assistant
Professor, Gajapathy, scowled at us as if it were us who had induced
the boy to drop the ‘u’. Brown cleared his throat as a signal for further
speech, and we watched his lips. He began to lecture on the importance of the
English language, and the need for preserving its purity. Brown’s thirty years
in India and had not been ill spent if they had opened the eyes of Indians to
the need for speaking and writing correct English!
(a)
What did Brown use to do in normal conditions?
Ans. Brown
used to smile, crack a joke or two. After remaining silent for a while, he used
to state the actual business of his own.
(b)
Why was Brown in a worse shock that very days ?
Ans. Brown
was in a worse shock that very day because he had come across a student of the
English Honours who hadn’t known how to honour others with the correct
pronunciation of English words. The pronunciation of the word made by the
student really shocked him.
(c)
What did Gajapathy’s scowling indicate?
Ans. Gajapathy’s
scowling indicated that he didn’t have any agreement with the comment of Mr.
Brown of English word pronunciation regarding honour to pronounce the word ‘u’.
(d)
On what issue did Brown begin to lecture before his college staff?
Ans. Brown
began to lecture before his college staff on the importance of the English
language, and the need for preserving its purity.
(e)
Summarize the passage in about 40 words.
Ans. Mr.
Brown had become upset due to the wrong pronunciation of English words by
Indian student. He was worried about the loss of purity of English language in
India. He emphasized on preserving the purity of English language in both
spoken and written form especially in India.
2.
Rewrite the following sentences below using
‘must, can’t or might/may‘. [5 × 1 = 5]
(a)
Perhaps she didn’t get what you said.
Ans. She
mayn’t have got what you said.
(b)
I’m sure they have left.
Ans. They
must have left.
(c)
Maybe the election will be postponed.
Ans. The
election might be postponed.
(d)
It’s possible that there will be peace in Nepal.
Ans. There
may be peace in Nepal.
(e)
Obviously the gardener was not serious.
Ans. The
gardener can’t have been serious.
3.
Choose one of the verbs in the list to report each of the remarks
below: [5 × 1 = 5]
urge,
insist, advise,
suggest, threaten,
recommend
Example
:
It’s very important for you to give up drinks.
Ans: He urged me to give up
drinks.
(a)
I’ll report you to the police if you don’t do what I say.
Ans. He
threatened me to report to the police.
(b)
Why don’t you start medicine if you can’t bear the pain?
Ans. He
suggested me that I should start medicine.
(c)
No, I’ve already told you- I am going to pay.
Ans. He
insisted me to pay the bill himself.
(d)
You really ought to have your bike serviced, you see.
Ans. He
recommended me to have my bike serviced.
(e)
You should try it once again. You may win.
Ans. He
advised me to try it again.
4.
Fill the gaps in the sentences below
with ‘for’, ‘in’, ‘until’ or ‘by’. [5 × 1 = 5]
(a)
Last night we talked ……… two in the morning.
Ans. Last
night we talked until two in the morning.
(b)
They will be here ……. a couple of hours.
Ans. They
will be here in a couple of hours.
(c)
She studied Spanish …….. five years.
Ans. She
studied Spanish for five years.
(d)
The food will be ready ………. 9:30.
Ans. The
food will be ready by 9:30.
(e)
He learnt to swim ……… three weeks.
Ans. He
learnt to swim in three weeks.
5.
Write a sentence each using the following information showing right order of
the action: [5×1 = 5]
Example
: clean
a wound / bandage it
Yes
should clean a wound before you bandage it.
(a)
Wash your hands / eat.
Ans. You
should wash your hands before you eat.
(b)
close your windows / go out.
Ans. You
should close your windows before you go out.
(c)
have some driving lessons / take your driving test.
Ans. You
should have some driving lessons before you take your driving test.
(d)
clean your teeth / go to bed.
Ans. You
should clean your teeth before you go to bed.
(e)
test the temperature of the water / bathe the baby.
Ans. You
should test the temperature of the water before you bathe the baby.
6. Write a
sentence showing how the following pairs of events happened in
rapid succession using ‘No
sooner’. [5
× 1 = 5]
(a)
My grandfather retired / he had a heart attack.
Ans. No
sooner had my grandfather retired than he had a heart attack.
(b)
Shama went to bed / Shama heard a strange noise.
Ans. No
sooner had Shama gone to bed than she heard a strange noise.
(c)
The plane took off / three hijackers walked into the cabin.
Ans. No
sooner had the plane taken off than three hijackers walked into the
cabin.
(d)
The new exhibition hall was opened / it was destroyed by fire.
Ans. No
sooner had the exhibition hall been opened than it was destroyed by fire.
(e)
We had the washing machine repaired / it broke down again.
Ans. No
sooner had the washing machine been repaired than it broke down again.
7.
Join the following sentence together using a relative
clause: [5 × 1 = 5]
(a)
Finally Browne decided to retire.
Willis had been sharing an office with him.
Ans. Finally
Browne decided to retire with whom Willis had been sharing an office.
(b)
The old house was finally sold.
The family had lived in it for 300 years.
Ans. The
old house where the family had lived for 300 years was finally sold.
(c)
He proudly showed me round his house.
He had paid 40 lakhs for it.
Ans. He
proudly showed me round his house for which he had paid 40 lakhs.
(d)
He became quite fond of his college.
He had spent many years of his life there.
Ans. He
became quite fond of his college where he had spent many years of his life.
(e)
Harold finally asked her to marry him.
She had always been in love with him.
Ans. Harold
finally asked her to marry him who had always been in love with him.
8.
Write a paragraph predicting future developments concerning world population,
using the ideas below: Birth control, government control, new sources of food,
disease, longer life.
Ans.
Over Population
Population consists
of males and females and it is always a flux. Every minute’s infants are born
and aged or other people die. The total number of people living in a
certain place in a certain time is population. It is increasing in an
alarming rate. Malthus, a mathematician says that human population always
increases to the limit of the food available. Unless rapid increase of
population is checked in time, the entire humanity surely faces the troubles of
existence. So, the governments of the countries in the world should compose
strict rules and regulations by law and order to prevent polygamy. Government
should launch the programmes of family planning effectively to control the
unwanted birth. Researching task for finding new sources of food should be
launched so that we can feed the people. Because of our population, several
sorts of total diseases can be seen. Over population increase vulgarity,
brutality and they can commit crimes. AIDS has sprayed because of sexual crime.
On the other hand modern medicine has made the life of human even longer.
9.
Suppose that your foreign friend is visiting Nepal in the near future. Write a
letter to him or her describing about the places he or she should visit.
(Suppose: you are Bidhyapati and your school’s name is Rara Higher Secondary
School, Mugu) [1×10=10]
Ans.
Mugu, Karnali
2 Aug. 2007
Dear Thomas,
I received your letter this morning and it made me feel pleasure to know that
you are coming to visit Nepal. I can’t help sharing my happiness with you being
restless to receive you with the hearty welcome.
Thomas, you must have known some facts and figures of Nepal. This is the land,
which stands as the roof of the world with all its dignity. Mount Everest
stands as natural pillar to the Himalayas. Gautam Buddha the founder of
Buddhism philosophy was also born in Nepal. This is to say, you will enjoy
sight-seeing the beautiful scenes of endless series of snow
capped mountains.
Paul, we feel that Nepal is a part of heaven. It has got the boons of
Nature. The singing rivers, tranquil lakes, simmering water falls, deepest
gorges beautiful, fine flora and faunas, unique landscape, artistic
temples and monasteries are all the beautiful ornaments of our mother
Nepal. Luckily my locality possesses the greatest lake called Rara Lake and
we are going to observe a month lasting ‘Rara Festival’ to invite domestic cum
foreign tourists.
Kathmandu, the capital city of Nepal, holds many artistic and attractive arts
and architects. They fascinate everyone. I hope you would enjoy
everything in Nepal.
Wish you all the best.
Yours sincerely,
Bidyapati Rokaya
Rara Higher Secondary
School
Q. 10 Write a review
for a newspaper of a recent film or a play you enjoyed or a book you
read. [1 × 10 = 10]
Munamadan: A
historical Film of Nepal
I’ve
recently watch the film ‘Munamadan’. It is a Nepali film. I’ve watched it in a
computer through CD. This film really represents the picture of Nepalese
youths who goes to the foreign countries leaving their family. Laxmi Prasad
Devkota wrote the book Munamadan as a song, later the story is converted into a
film. It is a historical and realistic film of Nepal. It is a tragedy,
based on Nepal's most famous epic poem. Madan, a lower-class worker, is forced
by poverty and mounting debts to go to Lhasa, Tibet, leaving behind his lonely
mother and beloved wife, Muna. However, tragedy befalls him on the way home.
In
this film, Madan, a poor Nepalese youth goes to Lhasa to earn some money
leaving his dearest wife Muna and his very old mother at his house. He earned
money there. When he was coming to his house, he became sick on the way. But
his friends left him alone there. A bhote meets min at night and took him to
his house. He makes Madan healthy and he comes back to his house. At that time
his mother and his wife were already dead in his memory. The film ends with the
pathetic scene. It touches everybody’s heart.
In
this film, Deepak Tripathi is in the role of Madan and Usha Paudel is in the
role of Muna. This film was directed by Gynendra Bdr. Deuja.This film has
presented the typical Nepali theme of poverty and family love. The plot,
dialogue and setting of the film are realistic. The songs are so heart touching
and the decoration, costumes and dresses are all traditional one. I like to
request all to watch this film at once because it teaches us about ourselves.
11.
Write a “police description” of a person you know
well. [1 × 5 = 5]
Ans. I’ve
known a person for two whole academic years. He is not other than my English
teacher. In my perception, he is intelligent. He is tall. He is about 6 feet
tall. He has partly white and partly black hair. He wears spectacle. He speaks
with loud voice. He usually keeps short moustache and French cut beard. He
always wears a tie. He has round and oval face. He has pointed nose and chin.
He has slightly bald head. He has wide eyes and bushy eyebrows.
12.
Answer any five questions.
[5
× 3 = 15]
(a)
How did Alyohin define love? (About Love)
Ans. Alyohin
defined love as a mysterious thing beyond all types of social
limitations in About Love. Alyohin presented three love stories to
define the meaning of love. Love story between Nikanor and Pelageya justified
that love is possible between too much unmatchable persons having totally
different life ideologies. Love story between Alyohin himself and Anna also
justified love as a mysterious thing. Alyohin was graduate and an unmarried
person. Anna was married woman and mother of two children. They loved each
other but they didn’t know that they loved each other. They only knew that one
loved the other. Love between two distinctively different persons like Alyohin
and Anna was also possible. So, love is defined as a mysterious flexible
thing which is not limited within social, age, caste, religious and class
factors. Anton Chekhov tries to justify the meaning and definition of love
through Alyohin as an unlimited and unrestricted thing in the world which crosses
every type of boundaries.
(b)
Why did the boy have to prove who he was? (The Last Voyage of the Ghost
Ship)
Ans. This
amazing story shows the steady development of a boy into adulthood. In
course of his development, he encounters with the ghost ship many times. The
more he visualizes the ship the more mature he becomes. Many years ago, when he
saw the ship for the first time he was a boy. The ship was amazingly large
and heading to the land without any lights and sound. It would
disappear if there came the light from the lighthouse. So, the boy thought it
was a fantastic dream. As he saw the ship next year he told his mother
about it and insisted her to see it. But she said that her son had gone
down crazy. So, she promised him to see it next year and went to the town
to buy a chair asking a boatman to watch her son. As she died, the
villagers accused the boy of fetching misfortune into the
village. With the evil chair. so, he preferred stealing fish from the boat
rather to live on charity. They mercilessly beat him as he asked them to watch
the ship. Eventually, the hatred, rage and the isolation made the boy quite
resolute, strong and fearless. He was neither confused by emotion nor
frightened by the miracle. It is a sign of his maturity. So, the boy
when saw the ship suddenly realized that he could control its movement by using
the lantern. He took control over the ship and made it follow him to the
village church. He felt that all the disbelievers watched all this, being
stunned. Thus, he proved his manhood.
(c)
What is the main idea of the
essay? (Women’s
Business)
Ans. Women’s
business presents a main idea that business women were much
successful in America. They are much popular too. Their production and
business benefited many people in different ways. Business women were
involved in producing some useful things to women like cosmetics. They produced
not only useful things to women but also they suggested and helped to cure the
problems of women like nervousness, hysteria, barrenness, and so on.
In America business women like Lydia E. Pinkham, Elizabeth, and Jenny
Grossinger were very much successful and they could earn a lot of money by
selling their products due to the means of advertisements, suggestion
and inspiration to use their products. So, in conclusion, the essay
Women’s Business expresses that even women can do as good business as men can
and they get success in business with the help of media and their
own courtesy to American women in the form of useful suggestions and
tools.
(d)
Describe the scene when the narrator killed the old man. (The Tell – Tale
Heart)
Ans. When
the narrator decided to kill the old man, every night, about midnight, he
turned the latch of the old man’s door and opened it gently. Then he pushed his
head from the door and sent a ray of light of his lantern to the old man’s eye
very slowly so that he might not disturb the old men’s sleep. It took him an
hour to place his head within the opening. He did such work for seven long
nights but he found the old man’s evil eye always closed and every morning he
went to the old man’s room, spoke calling him by name in a hearty tone and
inquiring how he had passed the night. On the eighth night the boy was very
careful to do such things. But when he pushed his head from the opening to see
the old man and was about to open the lantern, his thumb slipped upon the tin
fastening and the old man jumped up in bed crying out “Who is there?” The boy
stood still saying nothing. He became a symbolic shadow for the death of the
old man. He waited for some time very patiently. Then, being courageous, he
threw open the lantern and leaped into the room, the old man cried once only.
He killed him quickly, dragged him to the floor and pulled the heavy
bed over the dead body. Then he removed the bed and examined
the corpse but the old man was stone dead. Then the boy thought that
the old man’s eye, would trouble him no more. He wanted to hide his crime. So
he cut off the head, arms and legs of the corpse. He put the pieces of the dead
body under the three wooden planks in the same room. There was no stain of the
murder, no blood spot. He finished all that work at four o’clock in the
morning.
(e)
How do the adoption agencies find the potential parents? (The Children Who
Wait)
Ans.
“The Children Who Wait” by Marsha Traugot discusses the adoption system and
problems in America in twentieth century. In this story there are three
parties: the children waiting for adoption, the family to adopt them and
agencies to look after them and to search for suitable adoptive family. In the
beginning black and disabled children had to wait for a long time.
White and good children were adopted easily. Agents had to find
out potential parents especially for black over age, and handicapped
children. They had to look for both or one biracial parents for black
children. For disabled or handicapped children, the agents had to
look for parents who did not think the children could be all rounder or they
could think mental capacity was only a factor of life. So, agents had
to advertise or give information about the children to the potential
parents.
(f)
The plan was to go to Porthcawl for the outing. Did they ever reach there?
Why? (A Story)
Ans. In
a story, Thomas and his friend had a plan to go to Porthawl for the outing but
they did not reach there because their main intention was to drink in outing.
They had no special purpose except drinking. Porthcawl was important for
nothing to them. It was only their thing to just say. On the way to Porthcawl
they stopped their bus in front of a pub or hotel to drink. They
started to drink. They drank till the late afternoon. They forgot to go to
Porthcawl because it was not the place in their intention. They drank which was
their aim. After 4 p. m. they returned to their village. That’s why; they never
reached Porthcawl for the outing.
13.
Answer any one of the following questions. [1 × 10 = 10]
(a)
Sketch the character of Mrs. Mooney. (The Boarding House)
Ans. Mrs.
Mooney, the main character of the story The Boarding House possessed
a civilized and conscious character or behaviour. She had a daughter called
Polly once fell in love with a boy called Mr. Doran. Gradually, people came to
know about their relationship and started to gossip. Finally, Mrs. Mooney
came to know the fact. Due to her civilized manner, she didn’t get angry but
planned to make a perfect inquiry to find out the fact. If Doran had
no bad intention, she would allow them to get married. If not she would take
action against him to pay as a compensation. Later on, it is understood
that she settled the problems between them and allowed them to go ahead. Before
this event, she had started a shop to sell meat. She had two children. She got separated from
her husband after he became useless to business. She followed legal
process to get separated. She started a business of boarding house where
many people stayed from short to long time. From such kind of ideas and schemes
of Mrs. Mooney, we can say that she was bold, decisive, responsible, civilized
and a perfect woman. On the other hand, she gave responsibility to her daughter
and son. Miss Polly had to be responsible to look after the boarding house. It
means Mrs. Mooney was conscious to make them independent. So, regarding
her character, Mrs. Mooney is courageous, business skilled, and deserving all
types of qualities fit in modern time.
(b)
“We are always punished for our sins.” Elaborate this
statement. (Purgatory)
Ans. The
statement ‘We are always punished for our sins” extracted from Purgatory
by W. B. Yeats expresses that any person will be ultimately punished for
his/her bad and criminal activities. It means all sinners must be
punished and punishment is necessary for all defaulters. Yeats makes the
speaker say this so to strengthen his idea about punishment and sinners.
It is obviously a spiritual and religious expression
towards the bad or sinful works and punishment from god. The
speaker accepts the reality that every sinner deserves to be
punished. God is not blind to punish everybody randomly. He punished only those
who commit sins. It gives also idea that no one should make sins or
mistakes. God discriminately punishes the sinners. No sinner
is excused in his/her life. That’s why, every spiritual factor of
religious belief inspires people to remain sacred and
mistake less. And every sinner must be ready to accept any kind of punishment.
